1) The length of the bus route has been increased by 3 km. [How many…?] 2) The rails are called T-rails because of their shape. [Why…?] 3) The load weighs a hundred kilograms. [How many…?] 4) Each passenger must fasten the belt when the plane takes off or lands. [When…?] 5) Now all the railways have a standard gauge. [What…?] 6) She left her driving license at home. [Where…?] 7) They have been offered ₤350 for their old car, but its price is much higher. [Who…? How much…?] 8) For some period of time one underground railway line in London was working entirely without drivers. [Where…?] 9) 27 British scientists have gained Nobel awards since 1945. [What…?] 10) The pipe is leaking at the joint. [Where…?] 11) The two-speed escalators are being installed at new Metro stations. [Where…?] 12) According to the terms of the contract the equipment will be paid for on delivery. [When…?] 13) The service life of steel sleepers lasts from 35 to 60 years. [How long…?] 14) The windows in this car are made of unbreakable glass. [What…?] 15) On the bus he was sitting right in front of me. [Where…?] 16) The first motor car drivers had to carry large cans of fuel as there were no filling stations at that time. [Why…?]
Ex.24. Translate the following sentences paying attention to different tense forms and voice of the predicates.
1) После реконструкции линии скорость поездов будет увеличена. 2) Ты обычно покупаешь билеты заранее или в день отъезда? – Это зависит от обстоятельств (circumstances). 3) Когда отправляется поезд в Бостон? – Один поезд только что ушёл, а следующий будет через два часа. 4) Поезд проходит расстояние от Москвы до Самары за 20 часов. 5) Вы не можете взять сейчас магнитофон, так как он сломался, и его ремонтируют. 6) Проводник вышел из вагона и пригласил пассажиров занять свои места. 7) Когда мы пришли на станцию, все билеты были уже проданы. 8) Машины медленно двигались по горной дороге. 9) Главный инженер сказал, что наш проект обсуждали долгое время, но, в конце концов (eventually), он был принят. 10) Паровой двигатель был изобретён в 18 веке.
TEXT A
Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.
FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Part 1
The word ‘transport’ (or ‘transportation’) means to carry people or goods from place to place. Henry Ford, the American motor-car manufacturer, said that “transportation is civilization”.
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The history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in which all modes of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals, or on natural forces such as wind and current. The second stage began with the development of the steam engine. Do you know who invented it? It is sometimes said that James Watt got the idea for a steam engine while still a boy, watching steam lift the lid of his mother's tea kettle. The truth is that J. Watt did not invent the steam engine; however, he made major improvements on the inefficient steam engine patented in 1705 by Thomas Newcomen, John Cawley, and Thomas Savery. J.Watt installed his engine in a machine which was used at a large coal mine for pumping out the water. Soon this invention was widely used at nearly every large enterprise. The revolution in industry made by this machine was extremely great.
One of the first attempts to put a steam engine on wheels was made by Richard Trevithick, a British mining engineer. In 1804 he demonstrated the first successful railroad steam locomotive. His engine pulled a short train of cars uphill on a coal-mine railway in Wales. In the years after Trevithick’s locomotive, several others were built for use on various British coal-mine railways.
The world’s first common carrier railroad* to use steam power was the Stockton-Darlington railway in England. It was designed and built by George Stephenson and opened for public service in 1825. On the day when it was opened, a man on a horse went in front of the engine and shouted that the train was coming. People on horses and in carriages were driving near the train. When they had gone for some time, Stephenson, who was running his locomotive, asked the horseman to go away. He put steam on and ran his locomotive at a speed of 12 miles per hour (about 20 km per hour). It was a success.
But the British Parliament did not want to construct railways. The members of the parliament did not believe that steam engines could run against a strong wind. Then Stephenson built a new locomotive and called it the Rocket. This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one; it could draw a 13-ton train at an “unheard-of speed” of 29 miles per hour (46 km per hour). In 1829 the Liverpool-Manchester Railway was built, and the railway company offered a prize of £500 for the best steam loco. The prize was won by George Stephenson with his famous train. Though not the first such locomotive, it was the beginning of the effective use of steam power for passenger and freight transportation. At first many people were afraid of the railways; nevertheless in 1842 the steam-powered railways were already in wide use in Britain.
Part 2
Railroads were born in England, a country of dense population, short distances, and large financial resources. In England problems were very different from those in America, which in the early 1800s was a country of great distances, sparse population, and limited capital. Americans had to learn to build railroads for their own country by actual experience; they could not copy English methods.
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In the USA the first railroads were built in mines for carrying stone or coal. In 1804 Oliver Evans (who had built an amphibious steam-powered scow with wheels) declared that he could “make a steam carriage that will run at a speed of 15 miles per hour on good, level railways.” As early as 1812 Colonel John Stevens, of Hoboken, N.J., began to speak for a new kind of railway. He wanted one that would provide long-distance transportation, linking distant areas of the country. In 1815 Stevens obtained the first charter to build a railroadacross New Jersey, but he was unable to raise the money needed to build it. The first common carrier railroad to be built in the United States was the Baltimore and Ohio. It was chartered in 1827 and construction started on July 4, 1828.
The first steam locomotive to run in the United States, the English-built Stourbridge Lion,made a trial trip over the tracks of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company in Pennsylvania in 1829. On the day of a test trip a lot of people came from miles around the small Pennsylvania town to see the first run of the steam locomotive. The engineer** refused to let anyone ride with him – perhaps because the engine had not been tested before. As the signal to start was given, there was a moment of suspense… Then, slowly, the wheels began to turn. Cheers went up as engineer Allen opened the throttle wide and began his historic trip. All along the route, men were waving their hats, small boys were shouting, and women were looking in amazement as the Lion thundered past at the fantastic speed of ten miles per hour. Who would have believed that anything so big could move so fast without a horse to pull it! But the engine was too heavy for the track and the trip was not repeated.
In the summer of 1830 service began on the Baltimore and Ohio line, with horses providing the power. Finally, in December 1830 an American-built locomotive, the Best Friend of Charleston,hauled a train of cars on the tracks of the South Carolina Railroad. The railroad had come to America.
Railroads spread rapidly in the eastern and southern United States, with short lines being merged to form through routes. By the mid-1850s, railways linked the Atlantic seaboard and the Midwest. In 1869 the first transcontinental route was completed to the Pacific coast. Railroads became the dominant mode of overland transportation in the last half of the 19th century. Faster and more powerful locomotives and larger freight and passenger cars were built. Standardization of track gauges and the adoption of standard time zones aided efficiency. The invention of air brakes****, automatic signaling, and the automatic coupler***** increased safety. Sleeping cars and dining cars increased passenger comfort and convenience.
Notes: *common carrier railroad – железная дорога общего пользования
**engineer – зд: машинист
***throttle – дроссель, дроссельная заслонка
****air brake – воздушный тормоз
*****automatic coupler – автосцепка