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Тема 9: Профессиональная деятельность специалиста
Практическая работа 21-22. Виды предприятий общественного питания. Предприятия общественного питания в США и Великобритании.
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1. Catering is the business of providing food service at a remote site or a site such as a hotel, public house (pub), or other location. Catering has evolved to become an artisanal affair. Caterers now create an experience that involves the senses.
The earliest account of a major functions being catered in the United States is a 1778 ball in Philadelphia catered by Caesar Cranshell to celebrate the departure of British General William Howe. Catering business began to form around 1820, centering in Philadelphia. Catering being a respectable and profitable business, the early catering industry was disproportionately founded by African-Americans.
The industry began to professionalize under the reigns of Robert Bogle who is recognized as "the originator of catering." By 1840, a second generation of Philadelphia black caterers formed, who began to combine their catering businesses with restaurants they owned. Common usage of the word "caterer" came about in the 1880s at which point local directories began listing numerous caterers. White businessmen eventually moved into the industry and by the 1930s, the black businesses had virtually disappeared.
In the 1930s, the Soviet Union, creating more simple menus, began developing state public-catering establishments as part of its collectivation policies. A rationing system was implemented during World War II, and people became used to public catering. By the 1960s, home-made food was overtaken by eating in public-catering establishments.
A mobile caterer serves food directly from a vehicle, cart or truck which is designed for the purpose. Mobile catering is common at outdoor events (such as concerts), workplaces, and downtown business districts.
Merchant ships often carry Catering Officers - especially ferries, cruise liners and large cargo ships. In fact, the term "catering" was in use in the world of the merchant marine long before it became established as a land-bound business.
2. There are three foreign food centres in London: the Norwegian, the Icelandic and the German Food Centre. It was interesting to hear that all these three countries had independently chosen London as the best place to start a new campaign to sell their food. Why should they have chosen
London particularly? It is because here in Britain there is no standard of traditional excellence in cooking. Compared with food on the Continent, English food is already standardized, and, in general, rather dull and unimaginative. In a book of recipes I recently found the unkind description of the English way of cooking vegetables, "simply to boil them in salt water with little or no attempt to season them". But now many British housewives do not even find time to boil fresh vegetables. They are deserting their homes and kitchens to go out and become money-earners. Unlike the French housewife who has a special French tradition to uphold, the English housewife is not ashamed to use frozen, canned or precooked food—simply because it saves time. So there is an enormous potential market here for well-flavoured prepared food, and foreign countries are launching planned invasions on the British kitchen. These food centres all seem to follow the same pattern. They each have a shop, where producers' goods are displayed
and sold, and a restaurant, where you can eat their special delicacies (you are served by natives who make you feel that you are being given "the real thing").
It seems a pity that, in order to have well-flavoured food, Britain must spend money on imports. However, anything which helps to convince the English that their food is tasteless deserves every encouragement.
Практическая работа 23. Американская и Британская кухни
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The cuisine of the United States has a history dating back before the colonial period when the American Indians had a rich and diverse cooking style. With European colonization, numerous new ingredients and cooking styles were introduced.
Cooking in the USA is not just hamburgers, pizza and fast food! As the melting pot of many different cultures, the US has also become the mixing pot for many different cuisines. Fast Food is certainly available all over the USA and is very popular, however is not very healthy. There is a wide variety of fast food restaurants serving all sorts of delicacies from American style hamburgers, hot dogs and fried chicken to Italian pizza, Mexican tacos, and Chinese egg rolls. Some of the fast food is quite inexpensive.
Ethnic Foods of all sorts are popular everywhere in the US. There are Italian, Chinese, Mexican and some other restaurants in the country.
Nowadays Americans care about what they eat. If you prefer low fat, low calorie or vegetarian food, there is no trouble finding it. Salad bars are very common and many restaurants offer low calorie or low fat items on their menus.
American traditional dishes include fried chicken, meatloaf, baked potato, corn, baked beans and apple pie. As for drinks, American people consume a lot of juices and soda. In the morning they prefer to have cereal or scrambled eggs, milk or orange juice. The most common menu for lunch consists of chicken or fish, fried potatoes, vegetable salads, and desert. Dinner is the most popular meal of the day. For dinner Americans usually have meat, fried or baked potatoes with ketchup or sour cream, corn, peas, sometimes macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. Ice-cream, fruit or cake are eaten for dessert. Traditional food for Christmas and Thanksgiving Day include Turkey, ham and an apple pie.
Traditional British cuisine includes fish and chips, roast beef, steak, mash, and probably famouspudding. Certainly we may find different kinds of food in any restaurant in England, but these arethe popular I guess because many Englishmen, answering the question about their gastronomystereotype, will name these things.
A real British cuisine distinguishes itself either due to its high quality and high prices (for example insuch restaurants as Wiltons or Green`s), or is not so expensive if you are satisfied with Bangers &Mash (can be found in any «Caffs»). A lot of bistros, snack bars, and even pubs provide us withsandwiches as well as dishes of the European cuisine.
Small cosy restaurants became more popular than big ones, which are decorated by thefashionable designers. And one more thing is pubs where the traditions of them are combined withmodern the British cuisine nowadays. The day starts with affordable lunch in the bestrestaurants. You may have a snack in Fast Food Shops, where you will find pizza and hamburgersand it is also available in some small fastfood bars. If you have a wish, you may make a culinaryvoyage in London. Indian cuisine, Chinese cuisine, American cuisine, and even African cuisine arerepresented in the restaurants of London.