Практическое занятие 1
Early Medicine.
Early people were nomads – they didn't live in one place and traveled around to look for food. Early people were healthy, because they lived outdoors most of the time and they walked and ran a lot. They hunted animals and ate meat and plants when they were still fresh. Early nomads used mud to heal broken bones. If they broke an arm or a leg, they put wet mud on it. Then the mud became dry and hard, and it stopped the arm or leg moving so that the bone inside could heal.
Early people believed that they got ill because evil spirits were inside them. Many people had amulets – things that can bring luck. They hoped that their amulets could stop them being ill. People cared for each other when they were ill. A shaman was a man or woman who sang songs, danced, and did magic spells to make people well. Many people believed that these magic spells worked. Nowadays some people also visit shamans because they believe that a shaman can help them.When early people tasted plants to test which ones were safe to eat, they sometimes discovered plants that cured illness and fever. These plants were the first medicines. One of the oldest books about medicines made from plants was written in China more than four thousand years ago. Most early medicines were made from parts of plants such as flowers. People ate the plant parts or they made them into drinks. Sometimes they made the plant parts into lotions to put on their body. Nowadays many people also use medicines made from plants. For example, we use lotions made from aloe vera plants to make sore skin feel better.
Answer the questions.
Why were early people healthy?
What did they eat?
How did early people heal broken bones?
Who was a shaman?
How did early people discover plants that cured illness and fever?
When was the first book about medicines made from plants written?
What are the lotions made from aloe vera plants used for?
Vocabulary Exercises
I Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and phrases.
кочевники, здоровые люди, свежий, растения, накладывать влажную грязь, сломанные кости, заживать, злые духи, приносящий удачу, больной, совершать магические обряды, пробовать (на вкус), проверять, безопасный, обнаруживать, болезнь, лихорадка, лекарство, лосьон, раздраженная кожа.
II Match the words with their definitions.
1. shaman a. people who do not live in one place
2. discover b. a man or a woman doing magic spells
3. nomads c. things that can bring luck to people
4. amulets d. to find something new
III Complete the sentences.
If early people broke an arm or a leg, they put wet …. on it.
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Most early medicines were made from parts of …..
Early people believed that they got ill because …. were inside them.
People …. plants to test which ones were …. to eat.
A shaman sang songs, danced, and did …. to make people well.
People use …. made from aloe vera plants to make …. skin feel better.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb to be:
Early people …. nomads. They …. healthy people.
Hippocrates … the most famous of all the Greek doctors.
Amulets... things that people think are lucky.
Lotion from aloe vera plant … a cream that people use to make sore skin feel better.
My brother … a doctor when he graduates from the university next year.
She … at home last night.
This medicine … safe and effective.
My friend … ill last week, but now he feels better.
This amulet … lucky.
Nowadays there … many medicines made from plants.
Практическое занятие №2
Medicine in ancient times.
Ancient Egiptians. We know about medicine in Ancient Egypt because Ancient Egiptianswrote about their world. They cut words into walls and wrote on a type of paper. We know that Ancient Egyptians used magic spells to cure people, but they also had the first doctors. These doctors made medicines from plants, and they were good at putting bandages on wounds. They also used honey to help wounds to heal. This was a good idea. Even today, doctors put honey on wounds because it helps wounds to heal quickly.
Ancient Greeks. About 2 500 years ago in Ancient Greece many people believed that evil spirits or angry gods made them ill. Hippocrates was a Greek doctor and a teacher. He is the most famous of all the Greek doctors. And he is often called “the father of medicine”. Hippocrates believed that people bacame ill because there was something wrong with there body. He told doctors to watch patients and to think about their illnesses. Doctors wrote down what they learnt. They made medicines from plants and they wrote about which medicines worked. Soon doctors started to understand different illnesses. To prevent illness they told people to eat good food, to rest often and to do exercise.
Ancient Romans. Ancient Roman doctors learnt that being dirty and drinking dirty water could make people ill. To prevent illness Ancient Romans built baths and toilets for lots of people to use. At the baths there were big pools like swimming pools. Every day Romans went to the baths to wash and to meet friends. In some places Romans built giant bridges called aqueducts that brought water to cities from the high hills. This gave people clean water that they could drink and use. Romans also built pipes to take waste away from the cities to keep the cities clean.
Answer the questions.
How do we know about medicine in Ancient Egypt?
What did Ancient Egyptians use to help wounds to heal?
Who believed that people got ill because there was something wrong with their body?
What did doctors in Ancient Greece tell people to do to prevent illness?
Why did Ancient Romans build baths and toilets for lots of people to use?
What is an aqueduct?
Vocabulary Exercises