a. Start with the structure of the article
The article is called ………………...
It is published in (the name of the journal or any other scientific source of information) on (the date: day\month\year).
The article is written by (name of the author(s))
The research is done by the group of scientists\biologists from (name(s) of the laboratory\university\research center(s)….)
The article has 3/4/5 parts.
There are 3\4\5\ tables, charts, figures, pictures.
b. Summarize each part of the article.
Read and learn the phrases you can use for article analysis.
1. The subject matter of Introduction relates to (includes,
is devoted to).... -
2. The subject matter of Materials and Methods falls into two parts.
3. Results (the author in Results) discusses (deals with, is concerned with, covers, considers, gives consideration to, describes, gives an accurate description of, outlines, emphasizes, places emphasis-on) the problem of...
4. Discussion provides the reader with some data on... (some material on..., some information on..., an introduction to...,. a discussion of..., a treatment of..., a study of..., a summary of..., some details on....
4. Say what your opinion on the information from this article is.
Use the following phrases.
1. A careful account is given of A
2. Detailed description is given of A
3. Thorough description is given of
4. Much attention is given to
5. Little attention is given to
6. Of particular (special, great, little)' interest is the method of...
7. Of particular interest is the theory (discussion, treatment) of...
8. Of great (little) importance is the method of...
9. It is notable (noteworthy, praiseworthy, fortunate,, unfortunate, a mistake, a slight disappointment) to the author's credit that...
10. The author has succeeded in showing (providing, presenting) the results of
11. The author failed to show (to exhibit, to provide, to present, to give an account of, to direct our attention to)...
Find any article on the topic of your course paper or diploma work, choose any extract of 1600 typographical units, prepare control reading and translate it in written form.
Make a summary of the chosen article.
PART 2
Skim the article and say what the subject of the article is and try to understand the general idea of it.
The method of Allium anaphase-telophase chromosome aberration assay
| Jette Rank Department of Environment, Technology and Social Studies, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Phone: (+45) 4674 2071. E-mail: jr@ruc.dk | Emissions of genotoxic chemicals from anthropogenic activities into environmental compartments require genotoxicity assays for the assessment of the potential impact of these sources on the ecosystems. The Allium anaphase-telophase chromosome aberration assay has been developed as a method for rapid screening of chemicals and environmental samples. For determination of sample concentrations prior to genotoxicity testing, a 96-h root growth inhibition test is carried out. In the chromosome aberration assay, root tip cells are investigated after a 48-h exposure. Bridges and fragments are scored as indicators of clastogenicity, and laggards or vagrant chromosomes are considered indicators of spindle poisoning. The assay is simple and reliable and can be used for genotoxicity studies of wastewater, river water, contaminated soils and other complex mixtures. Key words: Allium сера, genotoxicity, chromosome aberration, anaphase-telophase, complex mixture |
INTRODUCTION
|
|
Genotoxic chemicals used for many purposes in manufacturing processes can be found in environmental compartments such as air, water, soil and sediments. The chemicals can enter the environment from discharged wastewater, air emissions, during consumption of the products and from domestic and industrial waste sites.
For evaluation of environmental samples, many genotoxicity assays are used; among these, the Salmonella mutagenicity assay is the most commonly applied test system for complex mixtures (Claxton et al., 1998). However, many plant assays have also appeared to be useful and are in some ways superior compared to the Salmonella test. Plants are often more sensitive to heavy metals (Fiskesjo, 1988) than the Salmonella strains; moreover, it is possible to expose plants directly to complex mixtures or environmental samples either in the laboratory (Fis- kesjo, 1985) or in situ (Grant et al., 1992). The present paper describes the technical procedure of the Allium chromosome aberration assay, which was developed into a cheap and rapid screening test. The assay is a modification of the Allium test described earlier by Fiskesjo (1985). The test system was simplified so that only certain aberrations in the anaphase and telophase are scored.