2011/2012
ТЕМЫКОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ
1. Economic Goods and Services.
2. Defining Economics.
3. Goods.
4. Resources.
5. The Basic Economic Questions.
6. Production.
7. Opportunity Costs.
8. The Economic Model.
9. Micro- and Macroeconomics.
10. Gross National Product.
11. The Flow-of-Product Approach.
12. The Earnings-and-Cost Approach.
13. Economic Predictions.
14. How do economists focus on how markets work?
15. The Measures of Economic Activity.
16. Auction.
17. Consumers.
18. Economics.
19. Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.
20. The Science of Economics.
21. Scarcity.
22. Economics and economists.
23. Economic Systems.
24. Market Economy.
25. Market Economy and the Large Corporations.
26. Centrally Planned Economies.
27. Mixed Economies.
28. Complete Economic Freedom.
29. Limits on Economic Freedom.
30. Organization of Economy.
31. Market Economy – Planned Economy.
32. Mixed Economy.
33. Economics and Its Great Man.
Контрольная работа № 1
Грамматический комментарий
§ 1. Passive Voice
Пассивный (страдательный) залог
Пассивный залог указывает на то, что действие направлено не от лица или предмета (как в активном залоге), а на лицо или предмет, которое в предложении является подлежащим.
Подлежащее – пассивно; оно «страдает».
The president of the company signed the contract. (Active Voice)
The contract was signed by the president of the company. (Passive Voice)
Passive Voice образуется to be + Participle II смыслового глагола
 |
- вспомогательный глагол
- изменяется по временам, лицам и числам
Present Indefinite Passive am, is, are + Participle II
Past Indefinite Passive was, were + Participle II
Future Indefinite Passive shall be, will be + Participle II
Изучите примеры употребления пассивного залога
1. English is spoken in many countries.
На английском говорят во многих странах.
2. The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
Проблема будет обсуждена завтра.
3. The letter was sent yesterday.
Этo письмо былo отправленo вчера.
Сравните образование и употребление видо-временных форм глаголов действительного и страдательного залогов. Переведите предложения.
| The Active Voice | The Passive Voice |
| 1. The Government controls inflation. | Inflation is controlled by the Government. |
| 2. The Government controlled inflation last year. | Inflation was controlled by the Government. |
| The Government will control inflation next year. | 3. Inflation will be controlled by the Government. |
Variant 1
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Task 1. Образуйте форму инфинитива страдательного залога по модели:
Model: to do – to be done
to show - to be shown
to visit – to be visited
to bring, to translate, to send, to offer, to make, to speak, to build, to use, to advise,
Task 2. Translate the sentences.
1. This TV program is watched by millions of people.
2. She was told the news when she came home.
3. The postman brings newspapers twice a day.
4. The children will be given presents.
5. The delegation was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
6. The film is much spoken about.
7. He was educated at Oxford.
8. They are invited to come to England next year.
9. They visited France last year.
10. I shall be met at the bus stop. I shall help you with pleasure.
Task 3. Употребите глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. This singer is very popular. She (to like) by many people.
2. The letter (to receive) in the morning.
3. We (to tell) the news yesterday.
4. The documents (to sign) by the president of the company today.
5. This book (to translate) into Russian soon.
6. Every time I go through customs I (to search).
7. Too many books (to publish) last year – nobody had time to read them all.
8. Her telephone (to cut off) soon because she didn't pay the bill.
9. I am sure the exams (to pass) successfully.
10. The University (to found) in 1755.
Task 4. Translate the text.
Economic Goods and Services. People begin to learn about economics when they are still very young. Even before they start school, they make two very important economic discoveries. They find that there are lots of things in the world they want. They also find that they cannot have them all. There is a big gap between what they want and what they can have. Later, young people learn another lesson. When they watch television commercials, they discover that there are thousands of things they or their parents could buy. Gradually, they settle into two major economic roles: consumer and producer. In the role of consumer, a person buys goods and services for personal use, not for resale. Consumer goods are products, such as food, clothing, and cars, that satisfy people's economic needs or wants. Services are such things as education, medicine and commerce. Some people provide goods; some services. For example, in the same garage, a man may buy a car or some service which helps him to maintain his car. The work people do is called economic activity. All economic activities together make up the economic system of a town, a city, and a country or the world.
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|
Variant 2
Task 1. Образуйте форму инфинитива страдательного залога по модели:
Model: to do – to be done
to show - to be shown
to visit – to be visited
to break, to give, to see, to join, to visit, to understand, to meet, to write, to pass,
Task 2. Translate the sentences.
1. This TV program is watched by millions of people.
2. She was told the news when she came home.
3. The postman brings newspapers twice a day.
4. The children will be given presents.
5. The delegation was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
6. The film is much spoken about.
7. He was educated at Oxford.
8. They are invited to come to England next year.
9. They visited France last year.
10. I shall be met at the bus stop. I shall help you with pleasure.
Task 3. Употребите глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. This singer is very popular. She (to like) by many people.
2. The letter (to receive) in the morning.
3. We (to tell) the news yesterday.
4. The documents (to sign) by the president of the company today.
5. This book (to translate) into Russian soon.
6. Every time I go through customs I (to search).
7. Too many books (to publish) last year – nobody had time to read them all.
8. Her telephone (to cut off) soon because she didn't pay the bill.
9. I am sure the exams (to pass) successfully.
10. The University (to found) in 1755.
Task 4. Translate the text.
Defining Economics. Economics is a science concerned with how people use available resources to satisfy their wants through the process of production and exchange. There have been many definitions of economics in the past. The earliest definitions described economics as the study of wealth and the older name for economics was «political economy.» Later economics was defined as «the practical science of the production and distribution of wealth.» At the turn of the 19th century economists defined economics as a study of man's actions in the ordinary business of life. At that time economics focused on how men got their incomes and used them. In more recent years, the subject of economics was defined more precisely as «the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between demands and scarce means which have alternative uses.» Today economics deals with data on income, employment, expenditure, prices, production, consumption, transportation and trade. Economics is a social science concerned with how mankind organizes itself to accommodate scarce resources to their wants through the process of production, substitution and exchange.
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Variant 3
Task 1. Образуйте форму инфинитива страдательного залога по модели:
Model: to do – to be done
to show - to be shown
to visit – to be visited
to break, to catch, to keep, to meet, to visit, to wake, to grow, to make, to see.
Task 2. Translate the sentences
1. This TV program is watched by millions of people.
2. She was told the news when she came home.
3. The postman brings newspapers twice a day.
4. The children will be given presents.
5. The delegation was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
6. The film is much spoken about.
7. He was educated at Oxford.
8. They are invited to come to England next year.
9. They visited France last year.
10. I shall be met at the bus stop. I shall help you with pleasure.
Task 3. Употребите глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. This singer is very popular. She (to like) by many people.
2. The letter (to receive) in the morning.
3. We (to tell) the news yesterday.
4. The documents (to sign) by the president of the company today.
5. This book (to translate) into Russian soon.
6. Every time I go through customs I (to search).
7. Too many books (to publish) last year – nobody had time to read them all.
8. Her telephone (to cut off) soon because she didn't pay the bill.
9. I am sure the exams (to pass) successfully.
10. The University (to found) in 1755.
Task 4. Translate the text.
Goods. Consumer goods are products, such as food, clothing, and cars, that satisfy people's economic needs or wants. Services are such things as education, medicine and commerce. Some people provide goods; some services. Some consumer goods, such as food, do not last a long time. Other goods, such as cars or VCRs, last longer. Sooner or later, though, consumer goods are used up. Bananas are typical examples of perishable goods, by «perishable» we mean goods which cannot be stored for any length of time without going bad. Most foodstuffs are in the perishable category. Services are actions, such as haircutting, cleaning or repairing. Services are used up at the time they are provided. A producer makes the goods or provides the services that consumer use. A person who makes lemonade and then sells it is producing goods. A person who shovels snow during the winter or clerks in a store is providing a service. Students working after school or during the summer earn money to buy some of the things they want – records, books, or a car. They are learning about the role of the producer.
Variant 4
Task 1. Образуйте форму инфинитива страдательного залога по модели:
Model: to do – to be done
to show - to be shown
to visit – to be visited
to build, to keep, to leave, to meet, to sell, to teach, to visit, to bring, to clean
Task 2. Translate the sentences
1. This TV program is watched by millions of people.
2. She was told the news when she came home.
3. The postman brings newspapers twice a day.
4. The children will be given presents.
5. The delegation was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
6. The film is much spoken about.
7. He was educated at Oxford.
8. They are invited to come to England next year.
9. They visited France last year.
10. I shall be met at the bus stop. I shall help you with pleasure.
Task 3. Употребите глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. This singer is very popular. She (to like) by many people.
2. The letter (to receive) in the morning.
3. We (to tell) the news yesterday.
4. The documents (to sign) by the president of the company today.
5. This book (to translate) into Russian soon.
6. Every time I go through customs I (to search).
7. Too many books (to publish) last year – nobody had time to read them all.
8. Her telephone (to cut off) soon because she didn't pay the bill.
9. I am sure the exams (to pass) successfully.
10. The University (to found) in 1755.
Task 4. Translate the text.
Resources. In order to produce something a person must first have right resources. Resources are the materials from which goods and services are made. There are three kinds of resources: human (people), natural (raw materials), and capital resources (capital, or the money or property). If either of these resources is missing, production will stop. The economy as whole, like an individual, can produce only products for which it has the right kind of resources. No economy can produce the things people want if it doesn't have enough resources. And no economy has an unlimited supply of resources. In economics, you will study how people use their resources to make the goods and to provide the services they want. Economics is also the study of how people decide who will get the goods and the services produced. Human wants tend to be unlimited, but human, natural, and capital resources are, unfortunately, limited. Every society is faced with the identical problem, the problem of scarcity. Since there is not enough of everything, everyone – individuals, business firms, and government – needs to make choices from among the things they want.
Variant 5
Task 1. Образуйте форму инфинитива страдательного залога по модели:
Model: to do – to be done
to show - to be shown
to visit – to be visited
to see, to catch, to deliver, to hold, to bring, to repair, to grow, to pay, to do
Task 2. Translate the sentences
1. This TV program is watched by millions of people.
2. She was told the news when she came home.
3. The postman brings newspapers twice a day.
4. The children will be given presents.
5. The delegation was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
6. The film is much spoken about.
7. He was educated at Oxford.
8. They are invited to come to England next year.
9. They visited France last year.
10. I shall be met at the bus stop. I shall help you with pleasure.
Task 3. Употребите глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. This singer is very popular. She (to like) by many people.
2. The letter (to receive) in the morning.
3. We (to tell) the news yesterday.
4. The documents (to sign) by the president of the company today.
5. This book (to translate) into Russian soon.
6. Every time I go through customs I (to search).
7. Too many books (to publish) last year – nobody had time to read them all.
8. Her telephone (to cut off) soon because she didn't pay the bill.
9. I am sure the exams (to pass) successfully.
10. The University (to found) in 1755.
Task 4. Translate the text.
The Basic Economic Questions. The basic economic questions individuals and nations faced are: What goods and services will be produced? How will they be produced? Who will get them? How much will be produced for now and how much for the future? The answers to the questions depend on a country's human, natural, and capital resources, and also on its customs and values. Each country will answer three questions in a different way. Everyone wants to be successful. Society often measures success in terms of money. Success also involves personal satisfaction gained from accomplishing a task. Countries also try to measure the success of their national economies. Analyzing a national economy involves many factors, some of which cannot be measured by data. One measure of an economy's success – Gross National Product – total income of the country's residents, regardless of where it comes from; profits from a firms' overseas subsidiary as well as its earnings in the country are included. Such economic indicators help planners to make predictions about the future of the economy.
Variant 6
Task 1. Образуйте форму инфинитива страдательного залога по модели:
Model: to do – to be done
to show - to be shown
to visit – to be visited
to hold, to buy, to plant, to give, to sell, to break, to meet, to find, to open
Task 2. Translate the sentences
1. This TV program is watched by millions of people.
2. She was told the news when she came home.
3. The postman brings newspapers twice a day.
4. The children will be given presents.
5. The delegation was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
6. The film is much spoken about.
7. He was educated at Oxford.
8. They are invited to come to England next year.
9. They visited France last year.
10. I shall be met at the bus stop. I shall help you with pleasure.
Task 3. Употребите глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. This singer is very popular. She (to like) by many people.
2. The letter (to receive) in the morning.
3. We (to tell) the news yesterday.
4. The documents (to sign) by the president of the company today.
5. This book (to translate) into Russian soon.
6. Every time I go through customs I (to search).
7. Too many books (to publish) last year – nobody had time to read them all.
8. Her telephone (to cut off) soon because she didn't pay the bill.
9. I am sure the exams (to pass) successfully.
10. The University (to found) in 1755.
Task 4. Translate the text.
Production. All production involves a cost. This cost is not counted simply in terms of money but also in terms of resources used. The various resources used in producing a good or a service are the real costs of that product. In building a bridge, for example, the real costs of the bridge are the human, capital, and natural resources it consumes. To build a bridge requires the labor of many people, including engineers and construction workers. The capital resources these people use include a variety of tools and machines. Building a bridge also requires natural resources, such as iron ore and coal. These natural resources are used to make the steel that is used in constructing the bridge. Since resources are limited and human wants are unlimited, people and societies must make choices about what they want most. Each choice involves costs. The value of time, money, goods and services given up in making a choice is called opportunity cost.
Variant 7
Task 1. Образуйте форму инфинитива страдательного залога по модели:
Model: to do – to be done
to show - to be shown
to visit – to be visited
,
to hold, to buy, to plant, to give, to sell, to break, to meet, to find, to open
Task 2. Translate the sentences
1. This TV program is watched by millions of people.
2. She was told the news when she came home.
3. The postman brings newspapers twice a day.
4. The children will be given presents.
5. The delegation was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
6. The film is much spoken about.
7. He was educated at Oxford.
8. They are invited to come to England next year.
9. They visited France last year.
10. I shall be met at the bus stop. I shall help you with pleasure.
Task 3. Употребите глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. This singer is very popular. She (to like) by many people.
2. The letter (to receive) in the morning.
3. We (to tell) the news yesterday.
4. The documents (to sign) by the president of the company today.
5. This book (to translate) into Russian soon.
6. Every time I go through customs I (to search).
7. Too many books (to publish) last year – nobody had time to read them all.
8. Her telephone (to cut off) soon because she didn't pay the bill.
9. I am sure the exams (to pass) successfully.
10. The University (to found) in 1755.
Task 4. Translate the text.
Opportunity costs. When steel is used to make a bridge instead of a hospital, the loss in hospitals is the opportunity cost of making the bridge. In fact, any resources used for the bridge are then no longer available for something else. When people make a choice between two possible uses of their resource, they are making a trade of between them. To make choices that best satisfy human wants, people must be aware of all the tradeoffs. Then, society will understand the true costs of making one decision rather than another, and can make the decision that best fits its values and goals. How can the concepts of opportunity costs and tradeoffs be used to help explain how the economy works? One way is to construct a simple plan of the economy called an economic model. The simple plan helps economists to analyze economic problems, seek solutions, and make comparisons between the economic model and the real world.
Variant 8
Task 1. Образуйте форму инфинитива страдательного залога по модели:
Model: to do – to be done
to show - to be shown
to visit – to be visited
to hold, to buy, to plant, to give, to sell, to break, to meet, to find, to open
Task 2. Translate the sentences
1. This TV program is watched by millions of people.
2. She was told the news when she came home.
3. The postman brings newspapers twice a day.
4. The children will be given presents.
5. The delegation was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
6. The film is much spoken about.
7. He was educated at Oxford.
8. They are invited to come to England next year.
9. They visited France last year.
10. I shall be met at the bus stop. I shall help you with pleasure.
Task 3. Употребите глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. This singer is very popular. She (to like) by many people.
2. The letter (to receive) in the morning.
3. We (to tell) the news yesterday.
4. The documents (to sign) by the president of the company today.
5. This book (to translate) into Russian soon.
6. Every time I go through customs I (to search).
7. Too many books (to publish) last year – nobody had time to read them all.
8. Her telephone (to cut off) soon because she didn't pay the bill.
9. I am sure the exams (to pass) successfully.
10. The University (to found) in 1755.
Task 4. Translate the text.
An Economic Model. An economic model is a little bit like a model airplane. It helps to explain how the real thing works, even if it doesn't fly. When models are used to help solve economic problems, their usefulness depends on the assumptions made about the world. One of the most important choices a society makes is between producing capital goods and producing consumer goods. If a nation increases its production of consumer goods, its people will live better lives today. However, if a nation increases its production of capital goods, its people may live better in the future. Choosing between home computers and industrial robots is an example of a choice a society must make. Society must decide what it wants and what it is willing to give up to get it. The same applies to you individually. Since every economic decision requires a choice, economics is a study of tradeoffs. When you analyze each side of a trade off, you can make better decisions.
Variant 9
Task 1. Образуйте форму инфинитива страдательного залога по модели:
Model: to do – to be done
to show - to be shown
to visit – to be visited
to hold, to buy, to plant, to give, to sell, to break, to meet, to find, to open
Task 2. Translate the sentences
1. This TV program is watched by millions of people.
2. She was told the news when she came home.
3. The postman brings newspapers twice a day.
4. The children will be given presents.
5. The delegation was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
6. The film is much spoken about.
7. He was educated at Oxford.
8. They are invited to come to England next year.
9. They visited France last year.
10. I shall be met at the bus stop. I shall help you with pleasure.
Task 3. Употребите глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. This singer is very popular. She (to like) by many people.
2. The letter (to receive) in the morning.
3. We (to tell) the news yesterday.
4. The documents (to sign) by the president of the company today.
5. This book (to translate) into Russian soon.
6. Every time I go through customs I (to search).
7. Too many books (to publish) last year – nobody had time to read them all.
8. Her telephone (to cut off) soon because she didn't pay the bill.
9. I am sure the exams (to pass) successfully.
10. The University (to found) in 1755.
Task 4. Translate the text.
Micro- and Macroeconomics. Economists study different sides of the economy in different ways, they may show how one product market operates, or the way one group of the consumers decides how to spend money. Microeconomics is the part of economics that analyses specific data affecting an economy. Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that analyses interrelationships among sectors of the economy. Macroeconomists use various methods to measure the performance of the economy. statistics measure gross national product, or GNP, which is the value of all goods and services produced for sale during one year. All the goods and services produced must be counted, and their value (e.g. in dollars and cents) determined. For example, every new care and haircut must be included. If a farmer produces 1,000 bushels of apples worth $10 per bushel, that farmer would add $ 10,000 to the year's GNP.
Variant 10
Task 1. Образуйте форму инфинитива страдательного залога по модели:
Model: to do – to be done
to show - to be shown
to visit – to be visited
to hold, to buy, to plant, to give, to sell, to break, to meet, to find, to open
Task 2. Translate the sentences
1. This TV program is watched by millions of people.
2. She was told the news when she came home.
3. The postman brings newspapers twice a day.
4. The children will be given presents.
5. The delegation was headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
6. The film is much spoken about.
7. He was educated at Oxford.
8. They are invited to come to England next year.
9. They visited France last year.
10. I shall be met at the bus stop. I shall help you with pleasure.
Task 3. Употребите глагол в нужной видо-временной форме:
1. This singer is very popular. She (to like) by many people.
2. The letter (to receive) in the morning.
3. We (to tell) the news yesterday.
4. The documents (to sign) by the president of the company today.
5. This book (to translate) into Russian soon.
6. Every time I go through customs I (to search).
7. Too many books (to publish) last year – nobody had time to read them all.
8. Her telephone (to cut off) soon because she didn't pay the bill.
9. I am sure the exams (to pass) successfully.
10. The University (to found) in 1755.
Task 4. Translate the text.
Gross National Product. In the United States the Department of Commerce computes GNP. Information is collected for every good and service produced in the nation during a year, but not everything is counted. Three factors limit the types of products counted. First, only goods and services produced during a specific year are counted. Second, not every good or service produced or sold during the year can be counted. For example, if both the flour the baker used and the bread produced were counted, the flour would be added in twice and so exaggerate the gross national product. To avoid this problem, economists count a product or a service only in its final form. They count the baker's flour in its final product form – as a loaf of bread or cake. Products in their final form are called final goods and service. Third, GNP includes only goods sold for the first time. When goods are resold or transferred, no wealth is created.
ВОПРОСЫК ЗАЧЕТУ
1. General Issues of Economics.
2. History of Economic Thought.
3. The founder of Economics - Adam Smith.
4. Economics and Economy.
5. The Limits on Economic Freedom.
6. Economics as Academic Discipline.
7. What is Economics?
8. Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.
9. Factors of Production; Natural Resources; Human Resources; Capital.
10. Entrepreneurship. What is the Entrepreneurial Spirit?
11. The Basic Economic Problem.
12. Economic Systems.
13. Planned Economy; Market Economy; Mixed Economy.
14. People and Economy.
15. The Economy of Great Britain and the USA.
16. The Economy of Great Britain.
17. Business Structure and Economic Strategy; Free Trade; Natural Resources.
18. The Economy of the USA.
19. Basic Issues of the US Economy; Resources; Governmental Regulation of Economic Activity.
20. Microeconomics.
21. Market and Production.
22. Sources of Market Economics.
23. Prices and Money.
24. Capital, Loans, Credits.
25. The Main Forms of Business Organization.
26. Individual Proprietorship; Partnership; Public and Private Companies.
27. The Corporation; Franchising; Management.
28. Companies in the USA and Great Britain.
29. Organization of Business.
30. Company Structure.
31. Strengths and Weaknesses of Different Forms of Business Organization.
32. Management. What is a Manager?; Management Style; A Single-minded.
33. Manager; The Definition and the Function of Management; Motivation.
34. Managing People; Leadership and Stewardship; Process-Centered Company.
35. Marketing.What is Marketing? Marketing Concept.
36. Surveying the Market; Marketing and Promotion; Marketing Plan.
37. Marketing Mix; Marketing Management; Marketing Research System.
38. People and Labor.
39. Labor Conditions.
40. The Sources of Economic Health.
41. Thomas Malthus.
42. Labor Market.
43. Macroeconomics.
44. The Problem of Power.
45. The Role of Governmental Decisions.
46. UK Government Budget.
47. USA Economic Policy.
48. Demand and Supply; Equilibrium, Shortage and Excess.
49. The Discoverers of the Laws of Demand and Supply.
Учебное издание
Кафедра гуманитарных и социальных дисциплин
Института правоведения и предпринимательства
Бурень Ирина Валентиновна
кандидат биологических наук
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
English for Managers
Учебно-методическое пособие