Offences and description
· ABH: Actual bodily harm
· D&D: Drunk And Disorderly
· DIP: Drunk In Public
· GBH: Grievous Bodily Harm
· TDA: Taking and Driving Away
· TWOC: Taken Without Owner's Consent
Initialisms describing situations
· ASNT: Area Searched No Trace
· FATAC: Fatal Road Traffic Accident
· MFH: Missing From Home
· NAI: Non-Accidental Injury
· RTA: Road-Traffic Accident
Miscellaneous initialisms
· ARV: Armed Response Vehicle
· TFU: Tactical Firearms Unit
· SOCO: Scenes Of Crime Officer; a forensic crime scene examiner
· VSS: Victim Support Scheme
Miscellaneous abbreviations
· MISPER: Missing person
· POLAC: A collision involving a police vehicle
· WOFF: Write off; a vehicle or other property deemed a total loss for insurance purposes
· WINQ: Warrant inquiry
e) Money slang
While the origins of these slang terms are many and various, certainly a lot of English money slang is rooted in various London communities, which for different reasons liked to use language only known in their own circles, notably wholesale markets, street traders, crime and the underworld, the docks, taxi-cab driving, and the immigrant communities. London has for centuries been extremely cosmopolitan, both as a travel hub and a place for foreign people to live and work and start their own businesses. This contributed to the development of some 'lingua franca' expressions, i.e., mixtures of Italian, Greek, Arabic, Yiddish (Jewish European/Hebrew dialect), Spanish and English which developed to enable understanding between people of different nationalities, rather like a pidgin or hybrid English. Certain lingua franca blended with 'parlyaree' or 'polari', which is basically underworld slang.
Backslang also contributes several slang money words. Backslang reverses the phonetic (sound of the) word, not the spelling, which can produce some strange interpretations, and was popular among market traders, butchers and greengrocers.
Here are the most common and/or interesting British slang money words and expressions, with meanings, and origins where known. Many are now obsolete; typically words which relate to pre-decimalisation coins, although some have re-emerged and continue to do so.
Some non-slang words are included where their origins are particularly interesting, as are some interesting slang money expressions which originated in other parts of the world, and which are now entering the English language.[19]
Here are some examples of money slang words:
archer = two thousand pounds (£2,000), late 20th century, from the Jeffrey Archer court case in which he was alleged to have bribed call-girl Monica Coughlan with this amount.
ayrton senna/ayrton = tenner (ten pounds, £10) - cockney rhyming slang created in the 1980s or early 90s, from the name of the peerless Brazilian world champion Formula One racing driver, Ayrton Senna (1960-94), who won world titles in 1988, 90 and 91, before his tragic death at San Marino in 1994.
bag/bag of sand = grand = one thousand pounds (£1,000), seemingly recent cockney rhyming slang, in use from around the mid-1990s in Greater London; perhaps more widely too.
bar = a pound, from the late 1800s, and earlier a sovereign, probably from Romany gypsy 'bauro' meaning heavy or big, and also influenced by allusion to the iron bars use as trading currency used with Africans, plus a possible reference to the custom of casting of precious metal in bars.
bender = sixpence (6d) Another slang term with origins in the 1800s when the coins were actually solid silver, from the practice of testing authenticity by biting and bending the coin, which would being made of near-pure silver have been softer than the fakes.
bees (bees and honey) = money. Cockney rhyming slang from the late 1800s. Also shortened to beesum (from bees and, bees 'n', to beesum).
big ben - ten pounds (£10) the sum, and a ten pound note - cockney rhyming slang.
boodle = money.
bunce = money, usually unexpected gain and extra to an agreed or predicted payment, typically not realised by the payer.
cabbage = money in banknotes,
carpet = three pounds (£3) or three hundred pounds (£300), or sometimes thirty pounds (£30). This has confusing and convoluted origins, from as early as the late 1800s: It seems originally to have been a slang term for a three month prison sentence, based on the following: that 'carpet bag' was cockney rhyming slang for a 'drag', which was generally used to describe a three month sentence; also that in the prison workshops it supposedly took ninety days to produce a certain regulation-size piece of carpet; and there is also a belief that prisoners used to be awarded the luxury of a piece of carpet for their cell after three year's incarceration. The term has since the early 1900s been used by bookmakers and horse-racing, where carpet refers to odds of three-to-one, and in car dealing, where it refers to an amount of £300.
chip = a shilling (1/-) and earlier, mid-late 1800s a pound or a sovereign. According to Cassells chip meaning a shilling is from horse-racing and betting. The association with a gambling chip is logical. Chip and chipping also have more general associations with money and particularly money-related crime, where the derivations become blurred with other underworld meanings of chip relating to sex and women (perhaps from the French 'chipie' meaning a vivacious woman) and narcotics (in which chip refers to diluting or skimming from a consignment, as in chipping off a small piece - of the drug or the profit).
clod = a penny (1d). Clod was also used for other old copper coins. From cockney rhyming slang clodhopper (= copper).
coal = a penny (1d). Also referred to money generally, from the late 1600s, when the slang was based simply on a metaphor of coal being an essential commodity for life. The spelling cole was also used.
cock and hen = ten pounds. The ten pound meaning of cock and hen is 20th century rhyming slang. Cock and hen - also cockerel and hen - has carried the rhyming slang meaning for the number ten for longer. Its transfer to ten pounds logically grew more popular through the inflationary 1900s as the ten pound amount and banknote became more common currency in people's wages and wallets, and therefore language. Cock and hen also gave raise to the variations cockeren, cockeren and hen, hen, and the natural rhyming slang short version, cock - all meaning ten pounds.
commodore = fifteen pounds (£15). The origin is almost certainly London, and the clever and amusing derivation reflects the wit of Londoners: Cockney rhyming slang for five pounds is a 'lady', (from Lady Godiva = fiver); fifteen pounds is three-times five pounds (3x£5=£15); 'Three Times a Lady' is a song recorded by the group The Commodores; and there you have it: Three Times a Lady = fifteen pounds = a commodore. (Thanks Simon Ladd, Jun 2007)
cows = a pound, 1930s, from the rhyming slang 'cow's licker' = nicker (nicker means a pound). The word cows means a single pound since technically the word is cow's, from cow's licker.
deep sea diver = fiver (£5), heard in use Oxfordshire late 1990s, this is rhyming slang dating from the 1940s.
dosh = slang for a reasonable amount of spending money, for instance enough for a 'night-out'. Almost certainly and logically derived from the slang 'doss-house', meaning a very cheap hostel or room, from Elizabethan England when 'doss' was a straw bed, from 'dossel' meaning bundle of straw, in turn from the French 'dossier' meaning bundle.
dough = money. From the cockney rhyming slang and metaphoric use of 'bread'.
dunop/doonup = pound, backslang from the mid-1800s, in which the slang is created from a reversal of the word sound, rather than the spelling, hence the loose correlation to the source word.
flag = five pound note (£5), UK, notably in Manchester.The word flag has been used since the 1500s as a slang expression for various types of money, and more recently for certain notes. Originally (16th-19thC) the slang word flag was used for an English fourpenny groat coin, derived possibly from Middle Low German word 'Vleger' meaning a coin worth 'more than a Bremer groat' (Cassells).
flim/flimsy = five pounds (£5), early 1900s, so called because of the thin and flimsy paper on which five pound notes of the time were printed.
folding/folding stuff/folding money/folding green = banknotes, especially to differentiate or emphasise an amount of money as would be impractical to carry or pay in coins, typically for a night out or to settle a bill. Folding, folding stuff and folding money are all popular slang in London.
foont/funt = a pound (£1), from the mid-1900s, derived from the German word 'pfund' for the UK pound.
french/french loaf = four pounds, most likely from the second half of the 1900s, cockney rhyming slang for rofe (french loaf = rofe), which is backslang for four, also meaning four pounds. Easy when you know how..
garden/garden gate = eight pounds (£8), cockney rhyming slang for eight, naturally extended to eight pounds. In spoken use 'a garden' is eight pounds. Incidentally garden gate is also rhyming slang for magistrate, and the plural garden gates is rhyming slang for rates. The word garden features strongly in London, in famous place names such as Hatton Garden, the diamond quarter in the central City of London, and Covent Garden, the site of the old vegetable market in West London, and also the term appears in sexual euphemisms, such as 'sitting in the garden with the gate unlocked', which refers to a careless pregnancy.
generalise/generalize = a shilling (1/-), from the mid 1800s, thought to be backslang. Also meant to lend a shilling, apparently used by the middle classes, presumably to avoid embarrassment. Given that backslang is based on phonetic word sound not spelling, the conversion of shilling to generalize is just about understandable, if somewhat tenuous, and in the absence of other explanation is the only known possible derivation of this odd slang.
gen net/net gen = ten shillings (1/-), backslang from the 1800s (from 'ten gen').
grand = a thousand pounds (£1,000 or $1,000) Not pluralised in full form. Shortened to 'G' (usually plural form also) or less commonly 'G's'. Originated in the USA in the 1920s, logically an association with the literal meaning - full or large.
greens = money, usually old-style green coloured pound notes, but actully applying to all money or cash-earnings since the slang derives from the cockney rhyming slang: 'greengages' (= wages).
2.3 Phonetic peculiarities of slang
While many slang words introduce new concepts, some of the most effective slang provides new expressions--fresh, satirical, shocking--for established concepts, often very respectable ones. Sound is sometimes used as a basis for this type of slang, as, for example, in various phonetic distortions (e.g., pig Latin terms). It is also used in rhyming slang, which employs a fortunate combination of both sound and imagery. Thus, gloves are "turtledoves" (the gloved hands suggesting a pair of billing doves), a girl is a "twist and twirl" (the movement suggesting a girl walking), and an insulting imitation of flatus, produced by blowing air between the tip of the protruded tongue and the upper lip, is the "raspberry," cut back from "raspberry tart." Most slang, however, depends upon incongruity of imagery, conveyed by the lively connotations of a novel term applied to an established concept. Slang is not all of equal quality, a considerable body of it reflecting a simple need to find new terms for common ones, such as the hands, feet, head, and other parts of the body. Food, drink, and sex also involve extensive slang vocabulary. Strained or synthetically invented slang lacks verve, as can be seen in the desperate efforts of some sportswriters to avoid mentioning the word baseball--e.g., a batter does not hit a baseball but rather "swats the horsehide," "plasters the pill," "hefts the old apple over the fence," and so on.[20]
If we try to characterize rhyming slang in particular, we can find such phonetic features:
1.Monophthongization
This affects the lexical set mouth vowel. Wells believes that it is widely agreed that the "mouth" vowel is a "touchstone for distinguishing between "true Cockney" and popular London" and other more standard accents. Cockney usage would include monophthongization of the word.
Example:
mouth = mauf rather than mouth
2. Glottal stop
Wells describes the glottal stop as also particularly characteristic of Cockney and can be manifested in different ways such as "t" glottalling in final position. A 1970s study of schoolchildren living in the East End found /p,t,k/ "almost invariably glottalized" in final position.
Examples:
cat = up = sock =
It can also manifest itself as a bare as the realization of word internal intervocalic /t/
Examples:
Waterloo = Waerloo City = Ciy A drink of water = A drin' a wa'er A little bit of bread with a bit of butter on it = A li'le bi' of breab wiv a bi' of bu'er on i'.
As would be expected, a Cockney speaker uses fewer glottal stops for t or d than a "London" speaker. However, there are some words where the omission of t has become very accepted.
Examples:
Gatwick = Gawick
Scotland = Sco'land
statement = Sta'emen
network = Ne work
3. Dropped h at beginning of words (Voiceless glottal fricative)
In the working-class ("common") accents throughout England,h dropping at the beginning of certain words is heard often, but it`s certainly heard more in Cockney, and in accents closer to Cockney. The usage is strongly stigmatized by teachers and many other standard speakers.
Examples:
house = `ouse
hammer = `ammer
4. TH fronting
Another very well known characteristic of Cockney is th fronting which involves the replacement of the dental fricatives, and by labiodentals [f] and [v] respectively.
Examples:
thin = fin
brother = bruvver
three = free
bath = barf
5. Vowel lowering
Examples:
dinner = dinna
marrow= marra
6. Prosody
The voice quality of Cockney has been described as typically involving "chest tone" rather than "head tone" and being equated with "rough and harsh" sounds versus the velvety smoothness of the Kensington or Mayfair accents spoken by those in other more upscale areas of London.
7. Rhyme
Cockney English is also characterized by its own special vocabulary and usage in the form of "cockney rhyming slang". The way it works is that you take a pair of associated words where the second word rhymes with the word you intend to say, then use the first word of the associated pair to indicate the word you originally intended to say. Some rhymes have been in use for years and are very well recognized, if not used, among speakers of other accents.
Examples:
"apples and pears" -stairs
"plates of meat" -feet
There are others, however, that become established with the changing culture.
Example:
"John Cleese" - cheese
"John Major" - pager
2.4 Morphological characteristics of slang
Slang comes to be a very numerous part of the English language. It is considered to be one of the main representatives of the nation itself. The birth of new words results from the order of the modern society. Slang arises due to our propensity for replacing old denominations by expressive ones. And yet the growing popularity of every new creation prevents it from remaining fresh and impressive. What was felt as strikingly witty yesterday becomes dull and stale today, since everybody knows it and uses it. So how do the slang words come to life? There are several ways of slang words formation:
1. Various figures of speech participate in slang formation.
For example: upperstorey-head (metaphor)
skirt-girl (metonymy)
killing-astonishing (hyperbole)
some-excellent or bad (understatement)
clear as mud (irony)
Slang items usually arise by the same means in which new words enter the general vocabulary.
2. The slang word can appear thanks to the recycling of the words and parts of words, which are already in the language.
Expressions may take form as metaphors, similes, and other figures of speech (dead as a doornail).Some slang formation follow the rules of Standard English. F.e., slang behaves regularly in the forming of denominal adjectives by –y suffixation (e.g. cbordy- moody, cbord-a bad mood, gobby-mouthy, slang gob-mouth) and deverbal adjectives by – able suffixation (shaggable- slang to shag –to fornicate). It uses the suffix –ette to denote female sex as in punkette (a female punk). It uses the verbal prefix de- to convey a sense of removal or deprivation to the base as in de-bag –to remove trousers. [21]
Words may acquire new meanings (cool, cat). A narrow meaning may become generalized (fink, originally a strikebreaker, later a betrayer or disappointer) or vice-versa (heap, a run-down car). Most affixation tend to belong to extragrammatical morphology, though they exhibit a certain regularity and stability.
Slang has some productive suffixes which are either novel (eg. -o/oo, -eroo, -ers) or used differently from Standard English. The slang suffix –o means either ``a stupid unintelligent person``(dumbo, thicko) or a person with a particular habbit or characteristic (eg. Saddo, sicko). This suffix seems to be productive in the making of forms of address (kiddo, yobbo)
A cumulation of the suffix – er with –o/oo produces –eroo in slang as in smackeroo, meaning the same as smacker but with a more light – hearted slant.
Another profilic slang cumulation is –ers as in some pair nouns (cobblers, conkers, knackers), plural nouns (choppers-teeth, trousers) and uncountable nouns (ackers-money, uppers- amphetamine). The slang suffix –ers often occurs after abbreviation as in bathers (bathing costumes), brekkers (breakfast), taters (potatoes).
The suffix –s lost its inflectional meaning in slang and conveys new meaning to the base: afters- dessert, flicks- cinema, messages- groceries.
The use of – ed is also noteworthy in slang. It is added to noun to obtain adjectives: boxed, brained, hammered, ratted. –er in slang gives unpredictable sense as in belter- excellent thing or event, bottler-person who easily gives up.
3. Compounding makes one word from two. Initial and final combination have intensifying function: butt naked- fully naked, butt ugly- completely ugly; earache- a talkative person, faceache – a miserable looking person, airhead-someone out of touch with reality, homeboy-a person from the same hometown
Infixes are unknown in standard English being a peculiarity of slang. Bloody, fucking are used to provide information about speaker`s attitude (as in abso-bloody-lutely, or in fan-fuckin`-tastic).
Conversion is anomalous in slang in case of adjective-noun as in high- pleasantly intoxicated state, massive- a group of people.[22]
4. In slang, frequently used words are likely to be abbreviated. For example: OTL-out to lunch-out of touch with reality. VJ-video jock-an announcer for televised music videos
Words may be clipped, or abbreviated (mike, microphone), and acronyms may gain currency (VIP, awol, snafu).
5. A currently productive process is the addition of a particle like OUT, OFF or ON to a noun, adjective or verb, to form a phrasal verb.
For example: blimp out-to overeat
blow off-to ignore
hit on-to make sexual overtures to
6. Unlike the general vocabulary of the language, English slang has not borrowed heavily from foreign languages, although it does borrow from dialects, especially from such ethnic or special interest groups which make an impact on the dominant culture.
7. Sometimes new words are just invented. shenanigans-tricks, pranks
So we can see that slang depart from what is generally regarded as grammatical or predictable and is likely to pioneer original word-formation processes which pave the way for further morphological process.
III. PRACTICAL PART
1. Translate the sentences from Fnglish. [23]
a) Sarah: hey why is Jimmy in the background of our prom picture?
Ryan: irk, he must have photobombed it at the last second.
b) I couldn't get a word in edgewise. She kept talking to me about her shoes, purse, and how her best friend just got dumped. I am a word receptacle.
c) Every morning Sherwin swings by our area to say hi and pulls a management by driveby.
d) Tiger: "I have to run to Zales to get a Kobe Special."
Friend: "What's that?"
Tiger: "A house on a finger."
e) "Dan won't answer your calls. He's in airplane mode."
f) "Sarah went into airplane mode for three days after Charlie dumped her."
g) Man, when I get back to work I'll have to start going to the gym again- I've put on some serious holiday pounds
2. Find slang words in the part of `` Roaring Girl`` [24]
Prologus
A play expected long makes the audience look
For wonders, that each scene should be a book,
Compos'd to all perfection; each one comes
And brings a play in's head with him: up he sums
What he would of a roaring girl have writ;
If that he finds not here, he mews at it.
Only we entreat you think our scene
Cannot speak high, the subject being but mean:
A roaring girl whose notes till now never were
Shall fill with laughter our vast theatre;
That's all which I dare promise: tragic passion,
And such grave stuff, is this day out of fashion.
I see attention sets wide ope her gates
Of hearing, and with covetous list'ning waits,
To know what girl this roaring girl should be,
For of that tribe are many. One is she
That roars at midnight in deep tavern bowls,
That beats the watch, and constables controls;
Another roars i' th' daytime, swears, stabs, gives braves,
Yet sells her soul to the lust of fools and slaves.
Both these are suburb roarers. Then there's beside
A civil city roaring girl, whose pride,
Feasting, and riding, shakes her husband's state,
And leaves him roaring through an iron grate.
None of these roaring girls is ours: she flies
With wings more lofty. Thus her character lies;
Yet what need characters, when to give a guess
Is better than the person to express?
But would you know who 'tis? Would you hear her name?
She is call'd mad Moll; her life, our acts proclaim.
Enter Mary Fitzallard disguised like a sempster with a case for bands, and Neatfoot a serving-man with her, with a napkin on his shoulder and a trencher in his hand as from table.
NEATFOOT
The young gentleman our young master, Sir Alexander's son, is it into his ears, sweet damsel emblem of fragility, you desire to have a message transported, or to be transcendent?
MARY
A private word or two, sir, nothing else.
NEATFOOT
You shall fructify in that which you come for: your pleasure shall be satisfied to your full contentation. I will, fairest tree of generation, watch when our young master is erected, that is to say, up, and deliver him to this your most white hand.
MARY
Thanks, sir.
NEATFOOT
And withal certify him that I have culled out for him, now his belly is replenished, a daintier bit or modicum than any lay upon his trencher at dinner. Hath he notion of your name, I beseech your chastity?
MARY
One, sir, of whom he bespake falling bands.
NEATFOOT
Falling bands: it shall so be given him. If you please to venture your modesty in the hall amongst a curl-pated company of rude serving-men, and take such as they can set before you, you shall be most seriously and ingeniously welcome.
MARY
I have [dined] indeed already, sir.
NEATFOOT
Or will you vouchsafe to kiss the lip of a cup of rich Orleans in the buttery amongst our waiting-women?
MARY
Not now in truth, sir.
NEATFOOT
Our young master shall then have a feeling of your being here; presently it shall so be given him.
MARY
I humbly thank you, sir.
3. Do the test [25]
Action (1)
If you're interested in American politics, the action is
| a. in London b. in Washington c. in Tokyo |
2. axe | ax (1)
The company had to axe Georgio because he
| a. worked too hard b. always came early c. made too many mistakes |
Beat it
If somebody tells you to "Beat it!", they're telling you to
| a. hit something b. defeat something c. go away |
Blast (2)
The manager blasted his secretary for
| a. forgetting to give him a message b. writing an excellent letter c. doing such a good job |
Crap (2)
Shane said that the website we showed him was crap. He thinks it's
| a. a pretty good website b. a really bad website c. a very interesting website |
Bent
The company's accountant was bent. For a long time he'd been
| a. making simple mistakes b. stealing the company's money c. working too hard |
Busted
Glen has to go to court on Friday. He was busted last week for
| a. growing his own vegetables b. growing his own marijuana c. brewing his own beer |
Can (2)
If you don't want to do time in the can, make sure you don't
a. know the law
b. obey the law
c. break the law
9. con
She met lots of men on the internet and conned quite a few into
|
Cop
A cop's job is to
| a. protect innocent people b. shoot bad people c. arrest good people |
App
If you want to find some killer apps, you should go to
| a. a software website b. the city zoo c. a high-security prison |
Blog
If you want to see some blogs, you should
| a. go walking in a jungle b. go to an aquarium c. go online |
Egosurf
If you'd like to go egosurfing, you'll need
| a. a surfboard b. a surf report c. an Internet connection |
Flame
Cathy was flamed in an online forum. Someone said she was
| a. sexy b. funny c. stupid |
Geek
If you want to meet a lot of geeks, you should go to
| a. a baseball game b. a software convention c. a jazz festival |
Acid
If someone takes a tab of acid, they will probably
| a. be arrested for stealing chemicals b. see things that aren't real c. go to sleep |
17. alky | alkie | alchy
Gillian thinks her husband's an alkie because he
| a. gets drunk every day b. has wine with his dinner most nights c. drinks beer with his mates some nights |
Blow (2)
If someone says, "Hey, you wanna score some blow?" they're trying to sell you some
a. Pornography
b. Marijuana
c. cocaine
Booze
The guys were looking for more booze, and Ted yelled "Yes!" when he found a bottle of
| a. cough mixture b. methylated spirits c. Scotch whisky |
Busted
Glen has to go to court on Friday. He was busted last week for
| a. growing his own vegetables b. growing his own marijuana c. brewing his own beer |
Ace (1)
Louis is an ace driver on the Formula One circuit, so he's
| a. very good at driving golf balls b. highly skilled at racing fast cars c. an average Formula One driver |
Awesome
Francine said the most awesome thing she did on her holiday was
| a. read an interesting book b. buy some clothes c. go skydiving for the first time |
Dork
A young person who is called a dork is probably
| a. good at sports b. not good at relating to people c. clever at maths and science |
Dweeb
The kids call Mark a dweeb because he's
| a. clever but he doesn't say much b. stupid and aggressive c. good-looking and smart |
Gnarly
When my kids say something is gnarly, it means they think it's
| a. extremely good b. extremely bad c. either of the above |
4. Translate the dialogue in Standard English
David: I thought this was supposed to be a big bash!
Bob: Oh, it will be. Stephanie said it`s gonna be huge. We`re just early, that`s all. So, what do ya think of her house?
David: This place`s really cool. Stephanie`s old man must be loaded. Hey, look! There`s that Donna chick. Man, can she strut her stuff! Don`t ya think she`s a turn on?
Bob: No way! Have you lost it? She may have a great bod, but as for her face, we`re talkin` butt ugly. Get real! Come on, let`s go scarf out on some chow before it`s gone.
David: What is this stuff?
Bob: Beats me. Looks like something beige. Just go for it.
David: Yuck! Make me heave! Hey, dude… this party`s a drag. I dunno about you, but I’m makin` a bee line for the door. I `m history!
IV. CONCLUSION
According to the British lexicographer, Eric Partridge (1894-1979), people use slang for any of at least 17 reasons:
1) In sheer high spirits, by the young in heart as well as by the young in years; 'just for the fun of the thing'; in playfulness or waggishness.
2) As an exercise either in wit and ingenuity or in humour. (The motive behind this is usually self-display or snobbishness, emulation or responsiveness, delight in virtuosity).
3) To be 'different', to be novel.
4) To be picturesque (either positively or - as in the wish to avoid insipidity - negatively).
5) To be unmistakably arresting, even startling.
6) To escape from clichés, or to be brief and concise. (Actuated by impatience with existing terms.)
7) To enrich the language. (This deliberateness is rare save among the well-educated, Cockneys forming the most notable exception; it is literary rather than spontaneous.)
8) To lend an air of solidity, concreteness, to the abstract; of earthiness to the idealistic; of immediacy and appositeness to the remote. (In the cultured the effort is usually premeditated, while in the uncultured it is almost always unconscious when it is not rather subconscious.)
9) To lesson the sting of, or on the other hand to give additional point to, a refusal, a rejection, a recantation;
10) To reduce, perhaps also to disperse, the solemnity, the pomposity, the excessive seriousness of a conversation (or of a piece of writing);
11) To soften the tragedy, to lighten or to 'prettify' the inevitability of death or madness, or to mask the ugliness or the pity of profound turpitude (e.g. treachery, ingratitude); and/or thus to enable the speaker or his auditor or both to endure, to 'carry on'.
12) To speak or write down to an inferior, or to amuse a superior public; or merely to be on a colloquial level with either one's audience or one's subject matter.
13) For ease of social intercourse. (Not to be confused or merged with the preceding.)
14) To induce either friendliness or intimacy of a deep or a durable kind.
15) To show that one belongs to a certain school, trade, or profession, artistic or intellectual set, or social class; in brief, to be 'in the swim' or to establish contact.
16) Hence, to show or prove that someone is not 'in the swim'.
17) To be secret - not understood by those around one. (Children, students, lovers, members of political secret societies, and criminals in or out of prison, innocent persons in prison, are the chief exponents.)
So to return to that question: what becomes of slang? Firstly, the general ‘flattening out’ of a hierarchical society and the relaxation of linguistic prejudices mean that slang may come to be seen not as something inherently substandard, but as an option among many available linguistic styles. At the same time there must always be a set of words and phrases which is beyond the reach of most speakers, that is always ‘deviant’, ‘transgressive’ and opaque. This slang must renew itself, not just in implied contrast with ‘standard’ Introduction language, but with earlier versions of itself. So new slang words will continue to sprout, to metamorphose, to wither and disappear or else to spread and fertilize the common ground of language.[26]This process may now be more visible and familiar, the crossover phenomenon may happen much faster (given the complicity of the media), and the shock value of the terms themselves may be lessened (the invention and use of slang does risk becoming locked into familiarity and cliché, like the tired gestures of rock, rap, conceptual art and fashion), but it is very unlikely ever to stop.
V. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка.: учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. языка.- 3-е издание, перераб и доп.- М.: Высшая школа, 1986.- 295с.
2. Голденков М.А. Осторожно! Hot Dog!:Современный активный английский.- ТОО "ЧеРо",1999-148с.
3. Каушанская Л.В. Грамматика английского языка.: Учебник для студ. пед.институтов.- 4-е издание.- Л.: Просвещение,1973.- 319с.
4. Раевская Н.М.. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка.: Для студентов факультетов романо-германской филологии университетов и педагогических институтов иностранных языков (на английском языке).-К.: Высшая школа,1976.- 383с.
5. Richard A. Spears, Ewart James, Ewart James NTC's Super-Mini British Slang Dictionary,NTC Publishing Group
6. Eble, C. Slang and Sociability. London and Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
7.Dumas, Bethany K. and Jonathan Lighter. 1978. "Is Slang a Word for Linguists?" American Speech 53: 5-17.
8. Mattiello Elisa. The Pervasiveness of Slang in Standard and Non- Standard English.- Mots Palabras Words-6/2005.-41p.
9. Thorne Tony. Dictionary of Contemporary Slang.-third edition.; A.C.Black, London, 2007.-513p.
10..Pavlova. N.V., Kuleshova Y.A.. Slang as a Part of the English Language.-English 2003 №32-p.5-10
11 Ayto John, The Oxford Dictionary of Slang.-Oxford University, Press.: 2000-415p.
12.Crystal D., The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language.-Cambridge University: Press. 1996-712p.
13. Baker B. // Adventures of Slangman.- Los Angeles Times, September 29, 2003
14. Thorne T. Slang, style-shifting and sociability.// Multicultural Perspectives on English Language and Literature -Tallinn/London 2004.
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17. www.rapidsteps.com/en/ru/blogs/tags/London
18. www.slanginsider.com
19. www.cockneyrhymingslang.co.uk.
20. www. coolquiz.com/trivia/Britain/britishisms
21. www. coolslang.com/british/
22. https:// odps.org/
23. www.arrse. co.uk/wiki/
24. www.urbandictionary.com.
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26. elemeln.narod.ru/pages/langs/slang
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29. english4fun.ru/slang
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31. www.peevich.co.uk/slang
32. www.londonslang.com
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