Действительный залог
Времена группы Indefinite
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Future Indefinite
I ask You ask He asks She asks It asks We ask You ask They ask
Утвердительная форма
I asked You asked He asked She asked It asked We asked You asked They asked
Вопросительная форма
I shall ask You will ask He will ask She will ask It will ask We shall ask You will ask They will ask
Do I ask? | Did I ask? | Shall I ask? | ||
Do you ask? | Did you ask? | Will you ask? | ||
Does he ask? | Did he ask? | Will he ask? | ||
Does she ask? | Did she ask? | Will she ask? | ||
Does it ask? | Did it ask? | Will it ask? | ||
Do we ask? | Did we ask? | Shall we ask? | ||
Do you ask? | Did you ask? | Will you ask? | ||
Do they ask? | Did they ask? | Will they ask? | ||
Отрицательная форма | ||||
I do not (don't) ask | I did not (didn't) ask | I shall not (shan't) ask | ||
You do not (don't) ask | You did not (didn't) ask | You will not (won't) ask | ||
He does not (doesn't) ask | He did not (didn't) ask | He will not (won't) ask | ||
She does not (doesn't) ask | She did not (didn't) ask | She will not (won't) ask | ||
It does not (doesn't) ask | It did not (didn't) ask | It will not (won't) ask | ||
We do not (don't) ask | We did not (didn't) ask | We shall not (shan't) ask | ||
You do not (don't) ask | You did not (didn't) ask | You will not (won't) ask | ||
They do not (don't) ask | They did not (didn't) ask | They will not (won't) ask | ||
Времена группы Continuous | ||
Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite | Future Indefinite |
Утвердительная форма | ||
I am asking | I was asking | I shall be asking |
You are asking | You were asking | You will be asking |
He is asking | He was asking | He will be asking |
She is asking | She was asking | She will be asking |
It is asking | It was asking | It will be asking |
We are asking | We were asking | We shall be asking |
You are asking | You were asking | You will be asking |
They are asking | They were asking | They will be asking |
Вопросительная форма | ||
Am I asking? | Was I asking? | Shall I be asking? |
Are you asking? | Were you asking? | Will you be asking? |
Is he asking? | Was he asking? | Will he be asking? |
Is she asking? | Was she asking? | Will she be asking? |
Is it asking? | Was it asking? | Will it be asking? |
Are we asking? | Were we asking? | Shall we be asking? |
Are you asking? | Were you asking? | Will you be asking? |
Are they asking? | Were they asking? | Will they be asking? |
Отрицательная форма | ||
I am not asking | I was not asking | I shall not be asking |
You are not asking | You were not asking | You will not be asking |
He is not asking | He was not asking | He will not be asking |
She is not asking | She was not asking | She will not be asking |
It is not asking | It was not asking | It will not be asking |
We are not asking | We were not asking | We shall not be asking |
You are not asking | You were not asking | You will not be asking |
They are | They were not asking | They will not be asking |
Времена группы Perfect | ||
Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite | Future Indefinite |
Утвердительная форма | ||
I have asked | I had asked | I shall have asked |
You have | You had asked | You will have asked |
He has asked | He had asked | He will have asked |
' She has asked | She had asked | She will have asked |
It has asked | It had asked | It will have asked |
1 We have asked | We had asked | We shall have asked |
You have asked | You had asked | You will have asked |
They have asked | They had asked | They will have asked |
Вопросительная форма | ||
: Have I asked? | Had I asked? | Shall I have asked? |
Have you asked? | Had you asked? | Will you have asked? |
Has he asked? | Had he asked? | Will he have asked? |
[Has she asked? | Had she asked? | Will she have asked? |
1 Has it asked? | Had it asked? | Will it have asked? |
Have we asked? | Had we asked? | Shall we have asked? |
I Have you asked? | Had you asked? | Will you have asked? |
1 Have they asked? | Had they asked? | Will they have asked? |
сказуемым, а прямым дополнением — то, что стоит после сказуемого, и от перемены их мест меняется смысл.
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Поэтому в русском языке, когда совпадают формы именительного и винительного падежей, возможен только один вариант: подлежащее — сказуемое — прямое дополнение.
В английском же языке эти формы всегда совпадают, поэтому и возможен только один данный вариант; исключения допускаются лишь при стилистических инверсиях. Эта закономерность в построении английского предложения и помогает находить сказуемое в предложении.
Как правило, прямое дополнение редко отделяется от сказуемого другими членами предложения, поэтому данный способ нахождения сказуемого оказывается весьма рациональным. Перед прямым дополнением может иногда стоять косвенное, но поскольку оно в этом случае также не имеет предлога, принцип нахождения сказуемого остается тот же.
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Рассмотрим ряд более сложных предложений с точки зрения нахождения сказуемого. Например: This building / houses / a fifty ton crane / of the latest American make. Разделив предложение на именные группы, определим, что второй беспредложной группой в предложении является fifty ton crane, поэтому сказуемое должно стоять непосредственно перед ней; следовательно, houses и есть сказуемое данного предложения — глагол в Present Indefinite в 3-м лице единственного числа, хотя это слово знакомо нам больше как существительное, слово же make оказывается существительным, так как стоит в конце именной группы, начинающейся с предлога of, хотя оно знакомо нам больше как глагол.
Если не пользоваться формальными признаками для ориентировки в тексте и переводить слова в порядке их следования в оригинале, то легко принять слово houses за знакомое нам существительное во множественном числе, слово building — за определение к нему, а слово make — за знакомый глагол. В результате перевод превратится в бессмысленный набор слов.
Теперь, когда найдено сказуемое, легко обнаружить, что This building — подлежащее, houses — сказуемое, a fifty ton crane — прямое дополнение, of the latest American make — предложное определение (определение с предлогом) к слову crane. После этого уже можно переводить предложение, подыскивая соответствующие значения в словаре для слов houses как глагола и make как существительного. Перевод. Это здание вмещает 50-тонный кран последнего американского образца (производства).
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Находить сказуемое по подлежащему, как это обычно практикуется, часто не так легко, потому что подлежащее, выраженное существительным, может быть окружено большим количеством определений, особенно постпозитивных, т. е. стоящих после существительного с предлогами. Такие определения затрудняют быстрое нахождение сказуемого. Прямое же дополнение, если оно имеется, всегда следует непосредственно за сказуемым и служит верным признаком того, что перед ним стоит сказуемое. Например:
![]() | Past Indefinite | Future Indefinite |
Отрицательная форма