Find the word which doesn’t belong to the group. Explain your choice.

Unit 1. PROFESSIONAL TITLES

Read and translate the text.

Legal professionals are people who study, develop and apply law. Many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers,so the word describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take aparticular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.

In England, the rest of the United Kingdom and many former colonies, there are two different types of lawyers – solicitors and barristers.This division has frequently
been the focus of debates and criticism and there have been calls for the fusion of the two branches of the profession. In the popular mind, the distinction between them is that the barristers are concerned with advocacy in court while the solicitors are concerned with legal work out of court.This is not quite the case.

Barristers are primarily concerned with advocacy and they have an exclusive right of audience in the High Court,the Court of Appeal and the House ofLords, but they also spend much of their time on paperwork, giving opinions on legal matters, drafting pleadings and other documents related to court proceedings, drafting contracts, trust deeds and other formal legal documents which are not immediately connected with litigation. Nor are solicitors exclusively concerned with out-of-court work for they have a right of audience in Magistrate’s Courts, County Courts and, in some instances, in the Crown Court. Many people believe the distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England, as has already happened in Australia.

There are about 66,000 practising solicitors and over 8,000 practising barristers in England and Wales. But not all solicitors practise – about 25% of them work in-house for companies and other profit or non-profit making organisations and the government. In-house lawyers prefer commercial activity of working in industry and for one 'client', to the quite different pressures of private practice.

Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Historically, this has been the first legal specialization. In civil law countries, this is often a lifelong career. In common law legal system, on the other hand, judges are recruited from practising lawyers.

Paralegals assist lawyers in their work. They undertake some of the same work as lawyers but do not give advice to consumers of legal services.The paralegal is a relatively modern phenomenon in British legal circles. The role has transferred across from the US where paralegals have operated in a support role in law firms for many years.

2. Find in the text above the English equivalents of the following words and expressions:
судебныедела

различие между

держать экзамен на профессию

уничтожать, устранять

право выступать в суде

прокурор, общественный обвинитель

составлять заявления, подаваемые в суд

трастовый договор

тяжба, судебный процесс

коммерческие и некоммерческие организации

штатный юрист, юрисконсульт

судопроизводство

помощник юриста

3. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice:
1. People at law are called lawyers.
2. Barristers are heard in courts.
3. They are not paid by clients.
4. They are employed by solicitors.
5. They are chosen from barristers.
6. A case which is settled out of court.
7. The distinction should be eliminated.

4. Use the Participle II and translate into Russian:
Model: to accuse a person – an accused person
1. to prepare documents —
2. to employ a person —
3. to argue a case in the court —
4. to make investigations —
5. to eliminate a distinction —

Use the model: This word does not belong because...
1. an attorney • a judge • a client • a solicitor
2. a court • a trial • an investigation • a criminal

6. Find the appropriate ending and translate the sentences into English:
1. Litigant is
а) уголовное дело;
b) сторона в гражданском процессе;
с) суд высшей инстанции

2. Legal work which usually is not taken to the court is done by...
а) адвокат;
b) поверенный;
с) судья.

7. Several different words can be used to refer to a lawyer. Listen to three law students in the UK talking about the kind of work they would like to do when they have completed their law studies. Write the correct word for lawyer in the gaps.