Редактор Т. С. Паршикова




О. А. КУЗИНА

 

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ ПО КУРСУ

«ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА»

 

 

ОМСК 2011


Министерство транспорта Российской Федерации

Федеральное агентство железнодорожного транспорта

Омский государственный университет путей сообщения

______________________________

 

 

О. А. Кузина

 

 

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ ПО КУРСУ

«ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА»

 

Утверждено редакционно-издательским советом университета

 

 

Омск 2011


УДК 4И. анл.07

ББК 81.2 Англ – 3 я73

К 89

 

Методические указания по курсу «Лексикология английского языка» О. А. Кузина; Омский гос. ун-т путей сообщения. Омск, 2011. 25 c.

 

Методические указания содержат практические задания по курсу лексикологии английского языка, которые дают студентам установку на творческое изучение английского языка, пополняют их словарный запас, а также знакомят с современными тенденциями в английской языковой системе.

Методические указания предназначены для студентов третьего курса по дополнительной квалификации «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации».

 

 

Рецензенты: канд. филол. наук, доцент Кубышко И. Н.;

канд. техн. наук, доцент А. Ю. Тэттэр.

 

_______________________

© Омский гос. университет

путей сообщения, 2011

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

 

 

Введение...................................................... 5

1. Part I. Word-meaning and motivation. Cases, nature and results of seman-

tic change. Homonymy....................................... 6

2. Part II. Types of semantic relations. Semantic classification of words.... 10

3. Part III. Word-formation....................................... 14

Библиографический список....................................... 24

 
 
 
 

 

 


ВВЕДЕНИЕ

 

Данные методические указания по курсу лексикологии английского языка предназначены для студентов лингвистических университетов и институтов. Основой для практических заданий служат разнообразные современные английские лексикографические источники. Практический материал расширяет и одновременно углубляет представление о том или ином лингвистическом явлении, а также облегчает понимание самой сути этого явления, формируя прочные навыки не только его распознавания среди множества других фактов языка, но и научного анализа лингвистических данных.

Методические указания содержат 40 разнообразных практических заданий по темам: Word-meaning and motivation. Cases, nature and results of semantic change. Homonymy. Types of semantic relations. Semantic classification of words. Word-formation.

Практические задания можно рассматривать также как дополни-тельный материал к теоретическим положениям по курсу лексикологии английского языка.

 

 


PART I

WORD-MEANING AND MOTIVATION

Cases, nature and results of semantic change. Homonymy

 

Task 1. Suggest the meanings of the words according to their sound-form. Check yourself by a dictionary.

Buzz, click, bang, sizzle, boom, quack.

 

Задание 2. Analyze the meanings of the given words. State what common associations, given by the graphic/sound-clusters sp- [sp-] and gl- ­ [gl-] unite these words.

Sprinkle (to shake small amounts of a liquid over the surface of something), spray (to send liquid through the air in tiny drops either by the wind or some instrument), splash (to wet or soil by dashing masses or particles of water), spit (send liquid out from the mouth), spatter (to scatter drops of a liquid on a surface), spill (to accidentally pour a liquid out of its container), spurt (if a liquid spurts from smth., it comes out in a sudden strong flow).

Glamour (a special quality that makes a person, place, or situation seem very exciting, attractive, or fashionable), gleam (a bright light reflected from something), glisten (to shine and look wet or oily), glossy (shiny in an attractive way), glint (to shine with quick flashes of light), glow (to shine with a soft light), glimmer (a soft weak light that is not steady).

 

Задание 3. Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Group the words according to their type of motivation: a) words morphologically motivated; b) words semantically motivated.

Driver – someone who drives a vehicle, especially as his/her job; careless – not taking enough care; leg – the part of a piece of furniture such as a table or chair that supports it and raises it off the floor; horse – ­a piece of equipment shaped like a large box that is used in gymnastics; singlehood – the state of being single rather than married; wall – ­emotions or behaviour that prevent people from feeling close to each other; hand-made – made by hand, not machine; piggish – selfish; blue-eyed – having blue eyes; sound bite – a short comment by a politician or another famous person that is taken from a longer conversation or speech and broadcast alone because it is especially interesting or effective; leaflet – a small, often folded piece of printed paper, often advertising something, usually given free to people; streamlet – a small stream (a natural flow of water).

 

Задание 4. Define the kind of association involved in the semantic change.

Model: glass (a transparent solid substance used for making windows, bottles, etc.) – a glass (a container used for drinking, made of glass).

* The kind of association involved in the semantic change in the words glass­ – a glass is known as metonymy or the contiguity of meaning.

1) the foot of a person – the foot of a mountain; 2) jean (heavy twilled cotton cloth, esp. denim) – jeans (trousers made of denim); 3) Matisse (propername) – a Mattisse (a painting); 4) the wing of a bird – the wing of a building; 5) the key to a door – the key to a mystery; 6) copper (metal) – copper (coin); 7) the heart of a man – ­the heart of a city; 8) crown (a circular ornamental headdress worn by a monarch) – crown (monarchy); 9) a whip (a lash used to urge horses on) – a whip (an official in the British Parliament to see that members are present at debates); 10) China (a country) – china (dishes made of porcelain (фарфор)).

 

Задание 5. Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of changes of the denotational aspect of lexical meaning in the given words.

Model: loan: 'a gift from a superior; a thing borrowed' – 'a sum of money which is borrowed, often from a bank, and has to be paid back, usually together with an additional amount of money that you have to pay as a charge for borrowing'

* The result of the change of the denotational aspect of lexical meaning of the word loan is that the word became more specialized in meaning (restriction of meaning, specialization).

1) camp: 'a place where troops are lodged in tents' – 'a place where people live in tents or hunts'; 2) girl: 'a small child of either sex' ­– 'a small child of the female sex'; 3) bird: 'a young bird' – 'a creature with wings and feathers which can usually fly in the air'; 4) arrive: 'reach the shore after a voyage' – 'reach a place at the end of a journey or a stage in a journey'; 5) deer: 'any quadruped (четвероногое животное)' – 'a hoofed grazing or browsing animal, with branched bony antlers that are shed annually and typically borne only by the male'; 6) rug: 'rough woollen stuff' – 'a small carpet'; 7) barn: 'a place for keeping barley' – 'a large farm building used for storing grain, hay, or straw or for housing livestock'; 8) glide: 'to move gently and smoothly' – 'fly with no engine'; 9.) room: 'space' – 'a part or division of a building enclosed by walls, floor, and ceiling'; 10) fly: 'move with wings' – 'to move through the air or in the outer space'; 11) artist: 'a master of the liberal arts (гуманитарные науки)' – 'a person who produces paintings or drawings as a profession or hobby'; 12) champion: 'a fighting man' – 'a person who has defeated or surpassed all rivals in a copetition, especially a sporting contest'; 13) campaign: 'army's operations in the field' – 'a connected set of actions intended to obtain a particular result, in military operations, in politics and business'.

 

Задание 6. Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of the changes of the connotational aspect of lexical meaning in the given words.

Model: villain: 'a feudal serf, peasant cultivator in subjection to a lord' – 'a person guilty or capable of a crime or wickedness'

* The result of the change of the connotational aspect of lexical meaning of the word villain is that the word acquired a derogatory emotive charge (deterioration of meaning).

1) cunning: 'possessing erudition or skill' – 'clever in deceiving'; 2) knight: 'manservant' – 'noble courageous man'; 3) fond: 'foolish, infatuated (лишившийся рассудка)' – 'loving, affectionate'; 4) gang: 'a group of people going together' – 'an organized group of criminals'; 5) marshal: 'manservant attending horses' – 'an officer of the highest rank in the armed forces'; 6) coarse: 'ordinary, common' – 'rude or vulgar'; 7) minister: 'a servant' – 'a head of a government department'; 8) enthusiasm: 'a prophetic or poetic frenzy (безумие, бешенство)' – 'intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval'; 9) violent: 'having a marked or powerful effect' – 'using or involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something'; 10) gossip: 'a godparent, a person related to one in God' – 'the one, who talks scandal; tells slanderous stories about other people'.

 

Задание 7. Read the sentences in which the polysemantic word simple is used. Give all the lexico-semantic variants constituting the semantic structure of this word. Check yourself by a dictionary.

1) The book tries to give simple explanations of some very complex scientific ideas. 2) Sally likes clothes that are simple but elegant. 3) The simple fact is that he wants a divorce. 4) Archaeologists found several simple tools at the site. A knife is a simple tool. 5) Her grandparents were simple people who never had much money. I'm just a simple farmer. 6) You may be joking but she's simple enough to believe you. 7) I'm afraid old Jack is a bit simple.

Задание 8. Analyze the meanings of the given polysemantic words taken from the Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. These meanings are considered primary and central in Middle English. What are their basic (or central) meanings from the point of view of the present-day language? What can you say about the historical development of their semantic structure?

Model: pension – 'fixed or regular payment, spec. out of the revenues of a benefice' (XIV c.)

* In modern English the central meaning of the word is 'a regular payment made by the state to someone who can no longer earn money by working'. Thus, in the present-day language the primary meaning of the word pension remains central.

1) likely – 'probable' (XIII c.); 2) revolution – 'moving of a celestial body in an orbit' (XIV c.); 3) to perish – 'come to a violent or untimely end, cease to exist' (XIII c.); 4) challenge – 'accusation' (XIII c.); 5) single – 'unaccompanied, unmarried; individual; not double' (XIV c.); 6) to betray – 'to give up treacherously' (XIII c.).

 

Задание 9. Classify the given words into: 1) homonyms proper; 2) homophones; 3) homographs. Give meanings of these words.

Made (adj) – maid (n); row (n) – row (n); week (n) – weak (adj); seal (n) – seal (n); tear (v) – tear (n); bread (n) – bread (adj); band (n) – band (n); sum (n) – some (pron); fall (n) – fall (v); wind (n) – wind (v); base (n) – base (v); desert (v) – desert (n); hare (n) – hair (n); sewer (n) – sewer (n); corn (n) – corn (n).

 

Задание 10. Fill in the blanks choosing the right word.

1) Out of... out of mind (cite, site, sight). 2) Do not look a gift... in the mouth (horse, hoarse). 3) It never rains, but it... (pours, paws). 4) No... without sweat (sweet, suite). 5) Do not run with the... and hunt with the hounds (hair, hare). 6) All is... in love and war (fare, fair). 7) Fame is chiefly a matter of... at the right moment (die, dye). 8) When two people ride the..., one must ride behind (hoarse, horse).

 

PART II

TYPES OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS.

SEMANTIC CHASSIFICATION OF WORDS

 

Задание 1. Compare the meanings of the given words. Define what semantic features are shared by all themembers of the group and what semantic properties distinguish them from each other.

1)

wage a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis, made by an employer to an employee, especially to a manual or unskilled worker
salary a fixed regular payment, typically paid on a monthly basis but often expressed as an annual sum, made by an employer to an employee, especially a professional or white-collar worker
pay the money paid to someone for regular work
fee a payment made to a professional person (e.g. to a lawyer, writer) or to a professional or public body in exchange for advice or services
income money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments

 

 

2)

reputation the general opinion that people have about a person, organization based on what they have heard, read, seen, or experienced
image the idea or opinion that people have about a person, organization, especially when this has been deliberately made or planned
name the reputation a person or an organization has because of something they do or because of the quality of what they produce, usually when this is good
prestige the respect and good reputation a person, organization has because they have a high position in society, are admired by people
stature a reputation for being very good at something very important or influential that makes people respect you

 

Задание 2. Organize the given words in accordance with their hyponymic relations. Enumerate the general terms (hyperonyms).

1) train, light lorry, bicycle, vehicle, cabriolet, car, heavy lorry, estate car, motorcycle, bus, lorry, three-door hatchback, three-way dump truck;

2) turtle, mammal, squirrel, animal, reptile, seal, tiger, lizard, leopard, fox, wolf, iguana, bear, snake, feline, panther.

Задание 3. Group the sentences into pairs so that in one sentence there should be a hyperonym (the more general term) and in the other – the hyponym (the more concrete term).

Model: The man was murdered.The man was poisoned.

1) He gave her a ring with five emeralds as a birthday present. 2) The man was poisoned. 3) She looked at him. 4) He heard a nightingale singing. 5) He is an officer. 6) It’s an old car. 7) She was wearing a black dress. 8.)They built a boat. 9) The man was murdered. 10) She stared at him. 11) He is a colonel. 12) It’s an old vehicle. 13) He gave her a ring with five precious stones as a birthday present. 14) They bought flowers in the shop. 15) She was wearing a dark dress. 16) She has got a child. 17) They built a yacht. 18) They bought lilacs in the shop. 19) She has got a daughter. 20) He heard a bird singing.

 

Задание 4. Give meanings of the following synonyms. State the difference in the connotational aspect of their meaning.

Model: loveworship

Love – an intense feeling of deep affection.

Worship – the feeling of profound reverence and strong adoration.

Emotive charge and expressiveness (intensity) are different.

Confidence – assurance; to satisfy – to delight; alone – lonely; to create – to manufacture; to blush – to redden; to tremble ­– to shudder.

 

Задание 5. State the difference in the pragmatic aspect of meaning of the given synonyms. Consult a dictionary.

Model: to see - to behold

* The verb to behold is formal, whereas the verb to see is neutral.

Car – automobile; refreshment – bite; soldier – warrior; to begin ­– to commence; face – puss; to leave – to abandon; hearty – cordial, hand – fin; to cry – to weep.

Задание 6. Look up in a dictionary meanings of the given pairs of synonyms. Classify synonyms into stylistic, ideographic and ideographic-stylistic.

Model: mum - mother

* The words have the same denotational meaning 'a female parent', but they differ in the pragmatic aspect of meaning as the word mum is informal. Thus, this pair of synonyms belongs to the group of stylistic synonyms.

Information – data; associate – pal; infectious – contagious; to ask – to interrogate; to meet – to encounter; to reckon – to estimate; mummother; faculty – talent; to foretell – to predict; to walk – to promenade; blemish – flaw; heaven – sky; intelligent – smart; affair­ – business.

 

Задание 7. Find the synonymic dominant in the following groups of synonyms.

To sob – to weep – to cry; to brood – to reflect – to mediate ­to think; to glare – to peep – to look – to stare – to glance; strange ­quaint – odd – queer; terror – fear – horror; angry – furious ­– enraged; to flash – to gleam – to sparkle – to blaze – to shine.

 

Задание 8. Arrange the following units into two lexical and two terminological sets. Give them corresponding names.

Detached house, wire-haired fox terrier, climbing robe, bull terrier, disk, horse (vaulting horse), hardware, multi-storey block of flats, monitor, terraced house, Scottish terrier, mainframe, trampoline, interface, Bedlington terrier floor, high-rise block of flats, landing mat, Pekinese, asymmetric bars, software, weekend house, springboard, server, cottage, beam, semi-detached house.

 

Задание 9. Classify the following words and word-combinations into lexico-semantic groups (1) and semantic fields (2) under the headings 'education' and 'feeling'.

Book, to bear malice, displeased, to teach, intelligent, indifference, classmate, to adore, affection, to coach, frustrated, pedagogical, college, hatred, day-student, in a temper, to repeat a year, passion, calm (adj), exercise, reader, satisfaction, to write, wrathful, knowledge, tuition, jealousy, course, to supervise, to infuriate, disciplined, happy, to develop habits, unrest, shock, methodological, to hurt, to smatter of (in), angry.

 

Задание 10. Give antonyms to the following words. Group them into antonyms of the same root (a) and antonyms of different roots (b).

 

 

Model: artistic.

* The antonym of the word artistic is inartistic. These words belong to the group of antonyms of the same root (group a).

Happy (adj), careful (adj), dwarf (adj), obedience (n), criticism (n), above (adv), regular (adj), asleep (adj), back (adv), polite (adj), triumph (n), hope (n), artistic (adj), appear (v), prewar (adj), far (adv), logical (adj), love (n), known (adj).

 

Задание 11. Classify antonymous pairs into contradictories, contraries and incompatibles. To prove the division give intermediate members of the antonymous set where it is necessary, or give other members of the group which are excluded in the given antonymous pair.

Model: arid - awash

* These antonyms refer to the group of contraries as they are polar members of a gradual opposition which has the following intermediate members: dry - wet.

Poetry – prose, inch – foot, man - woman, old – young, beautiful – ugly, Monday –Sunday, teacher – pupil, to adore – to loathe, one – thousand, tremendous – tiny, iron – copper, to accept ­– to reject, round – square, creditor – debtor, immaculate – filthy, boy – man, day – night, clever – stupid, red – brown, aridawash, inside – outside, open – shut, November – March, evil – good.

 

PART III

WORD-FORMATION

Задание 1. In accordance with the part that is cut off to form a new word classify cases of shortening into four groups: 1) initial shortenings (aphesis); 2) medial shortenings (syncope); 3) final shortenings (apocope); 4) both initial and final shortenings.

Model: net < internet

* The initial part of the original word is cut off. Consequently, the new word refers to the first group.

 

Hols < holidays; vac < vacuum cleaner; tec < detective; plane < aeroplane; Frisco < (San) Francisco; quiz < inquisitive; bus < omnibus; curio < curiosity; miss < mistress; sport < disport; soccer < Association Football; fan < fanatic; circs < circumstances; chute < parachute; Aline < Adeline; cert < certainty; tend < attend; mart < market; coke < coca-cola; Liz < Elizabeth; prep-school < preparatory-school; gator < alligator; cuss < customer.

 

Задание 2. Determine the original components of the following blends. Define which type (additive or restrictive) the blends belong to.

Model: to guesstimate, seadrome

* The verb to guesstimate is formed by combining the words guess and estimate. The given blend may be transformed into a phrase consisting of complete stems combined by the conjunction and. Thus, to guesstimate belongs to the additive type of blends.

* The noun seadrome is formed by combining the words sea and airdrome. The given blend may be transformed into a phrase, the first element of which serves as modifier to the second. Thus, seadrome belongs to the restrictive type of blends.

Positron, brunch, absotively, motel, spam, flush, slanguage, twirl, bit, mingy, transceiver, paratroops, crocogator, oilitics, dipward, win door, newtopia, glumpy, cablegram, smaze, flextime, Oxbridge.

 

Задание 3. Define which words have been combined to form the following computer terms. Give their meanings.

Netiquette, emoticon, netizen, technophobe.

 

Задание 4. According to their pronunciation classify the given acronyms into two groups: 1) those that are read as ordinary English words; 2) those with the alphabetic reading.

Model: NATFHE – National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education (group 1); MP – Member of Parliament (group 2); NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization; UNO – United Nations Organization; WHO – The World Health Organization; BUPA – British United Provident Association; AGM – annual general meeting; WI – Women's Institute; UCAS – Universities and Colleges Admissions Service; IRA – Irish Republican Army; NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration; CID – Criminal Investigation Department; SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Talks; UEFA – Union of European Football Associations; IQ – intelligence quotient; NAAFI – Navy, Army, and Air Force Institutes; MRBM – medium range ballistic missile; FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation; TEFL ­– teaching of English as a foreign language; UFO – unidentified flying object; UNRRA – United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Admini­stration; VIP – very important person; FIFA – Federal International Football Association; GI – government (or general) issue.

 

Задание 5. Group the words formed by sound-interchange into: 1) those formed by vowel-interchange or ablaut (& suffixation); 2) those formed by consonant-interchange; 3) those formed by combining both means, i. e. vowel- and consonant-interchange.

Model: relief(n)relieve (v): consonant-interchange.

Long (adj) – length (n), speak (v) – speech (n), wreathe (v) – wreath (n), bake (v) – batch (n), strike (v) – stroke (n), house (n) – ­house (v), breathe (v) – breath (n), believe (v) – belief (n), full (adj) – ­fill (v), lose (v) – loss (n), prove (v) – proof (n), knot (n) – knit (v), glaze (v) – glass (n), shelve (v) – shelf (n), wake (v) – watch (n), loathe (v) – loath (n), use (v) – use (n), sing (v) – song (n), clothe (v) – cloth (n), bite (v) – bit (n), halve (v) – half (n), abide (v) – abode (n), serve (v) – serf (n), deep (adj) – depth (n), bathe (v) – bath (n), ride (v) – road (n).

 

Задание 6. Match the Russian words with their English equivalents.

Russian English
1) писк 1) grumble
2) бах, бац; сильный удар 2) hushaby/hush
3) хихикать 3) pop
4) мычать 4) thump-thump
5) квакать 5) cheep
6) ворчать 6) giggle
7) свист 7) moo
8) тук-тук, наносить тяже-лый удар 8) croak
9) баю-бай, убаюкивать 9) whiz
10) кукавать 10) bang
11) мяукать 11) babble
12) шикать 12) quacking
13) жужжать 13) neigh
14) лепет 14) mew
15) хлоп, хлопнуть 15) mumble
16) кряканье 16) fizz
17) шамкать 17) boo
18) шипение 18) cackle
19) кудахтать 19) buzz
20) ржание 20) cuckoo

 

Задание 7. From the sentences given below write out the words built up by back­-formation. Give the original words from which they are formed.

Model:They commentate on live Monday matches.

* The word commentate (v) is formed by means of back-derivation. The word from which it was formed is commentator (n).

1) They both enthused over my new look. 2) She didn't like that he frivoled in such a serious situation. 3) It was pure greed that made me finish all those chocolates. 4) They've asked me to edit one of the volumes in their new series of Shakespeare plays. 5) The police found the people who burgled our house while we were away on holidays. 6) They televised a live debate between the party leaders. 7) The existing systems begin to obsolesce. 8) They didn't want him to orate at the meeting. 9) I was very peeved by his refusal to cooperate. 10) I intuited his real identity. 11) Mountain peaks are classified according to their shape.

 

Задание 8. What serves as a word-formation means in the given pairs of words. Stress these words.

1) compound (n, adj) – compound (v); 2) perfect (adj) – perfect (v); 3) permit (n) –permit (v); 4) progress (n) – progress (v); 5) frequent (adj) – frequent (v); 6) affix (n) – affix (v); 7) contact (n) – ­contact (v); 8) insult (n) – insult (v); 9) abstract (adj) – abstract (v); 10) decrease (n) – decrease (v); 11) protest (n) – protest (v); 12) produce (n) – produce (v); 13) survey (n) – survey (v); 14) conflict (n) – conflict (v); 15) subject (n, adj) – subject (v).

 

Задание 9. Define and write down the derivational base of the given nouns into the first column. Classify the derivational suffixes according to the lexico­grammatical character of the base they are added to.

­Model: arrival

* The derivational base of the noun arrival is arriv( e)-. The suffix -al is added to the verbal base and thus it may be qualified as a deverbal suffix.

Derivational base Suffix Derived nouns
arriv(e)- -al arrival
-(an)ce abundance
... -cy constancy
-dom kingdom
... -(en)ce independence
... -ful mouthful
... -hood boyhood
... -ing dancing
... -ion invention
... -ism criticism
... -ity sensitivity
... - ment agreement
... -ness happiness
... -ship ownership
... -ian musician

 

Задание 10. Distribute the given words formed by means of the polysemantic suffix -ship according to three meanings of this suffix into three corresponding groups: 1) 'skills or ability'; 2) 'position or occupation'; 3) 'relationship or connection between people'.

Workmanship, comradeship, musicianship, chairmanship, friendship, professorship, showmanship, lectureship, kinship, sportsmanship, acquaintanceship, studentship, salesmanship, doctorship, partnership.

Задание 11. Classify suffixes forming the given nouns according to their generalizing meaning into three groups: 1) suffixes denoting people of different professions or of different kinds of activity; 2) suffixes denoting collectivity or collection of; 3) suffixes denoting diminutiveness.

Membership, assistant, lecturette, trainee, sisterhood, actress, piglet, painter, machinery, aunty, yuppiedom, historian, duckling, finery, scientist, babykins, readership, supervisor, nightie, aristocracy.

 

Задание 12. Translate the given combinations of words into English. Pay special attention to the formation of different in meaning adjectives by means of adding different suffixes to one and the same derivational base.

Model: favour: любимый автор – благоприятная погода

* The English for любимый автор is a favourite author. The English for благоприятная погода is favourable weather.

1) exhaust: изнурительная pa6oтa – исчерпывающий ответ; 2) history: историческая победа – исторический фильм; 3) honour: почетный гражданин – почетная обязанность; 4) respect: почтительное молчание – почтенный человек; 5) skill: квалифицированный рабочий – опытный, искусный хирург; 6) culture: культурная жизнь – культурный человек; 7) touch: трогательные слова – обидчивый человек; 8) delight: восхищенные зрители – восхитительные каникулы; 9) economy: экономический кризис – экономные расходы; 10) contempt: презренный предатель – презрительная улыбка.

 

Задание 13. Combine the prefixes in the box with the appropriate derivational base from the list. Classify the prefixes according to the lexico-grammatical character of the base they are attached to and according to the part of speech they form.

Model: dis­-

* The prefix dis- can be combined with the bases: -advantage, -favour, -order. It is added to the nominal bases to form new nouns. Thus, this prefix can be qualified as a denominal and noun-forming prefix.

dis-, il-, non-, ir-, un-, im-, in-, de-, a­-.

Legal, relevant, mature, regulate, moral, ability, payment, happy, responsible, patient, stabilize, honour, smoker, learn, formally, typical, logical, rational, possible, classify, agreement, verbal, lock, practical, dependently, mystify, resistible, sensual, literate, obedience, academic, tie, adequately, septic, clean.

 

Задание 14. Analyze different meanings of the prefix over- forming the given words. Classify these words according to the generalizing meaning of the prefix over- ­ under the following headings: 1) 'excess'; 2) 'time (age)'; 3) 'position or place'; 4) 'addition'; 5) 'outer, covering'; 6) 'a person engaged in a certain activity or an agent of an action'.

Model: overlord (n), overpaint (n), overeager (adj)

* As the noun overlord means 'a ruler, especially a feudal lord', it refers to group 6. The word over paint has the meaning 'paint added as a covering layer' and may be referred to group 5. The adjective overeager means 'excessively eager' and so it refers to group 1.

Overlay (v, n), over-king (n), over-forty (n), overdevelop (v), overhang (v), overprint (v), overcoat (n), overambitious (adj), overseventeen (n), overhead (adv), overreacher (n), overtime (adv), overstitch (n), overman (n), overprotective (adj), overseer (n), overcast (v), overtly (v), overdose (n), overtwenty (n), overlap (v), overnighter (n), overleaf (adv), overdub (v), overboot (n), overcareful (adj), overside (adv), overlooker (n), overall (n), overdress (v), overground (adj), overlander (n).

 

Задание 15. The prefix pre- making up the italicized words has two different meanings. Write 'X' in the space provided if it means that one thing happens before another. Write 'Y' if it means that something has already been done.

1) I hate the pre-Christmas panic that seems to hit my family in the middle of December.

2) Eventually the pre-paid envelopes were sent from the mail order company.

3) His preconceived ideas made it impossible for anyone to get him to listen to their side of the argument.

4) There were many pre-fourteenth century portraits in the exhibition.

5) The jury unanimously reached the decision that the killing was premeditated.

6) He married late and his wife predeceased him.

7) Bake the cake in a pre-heated oven for twenty minutes.

8) Ann had invited us round early for a pre-dinner drink.

9) Some football players develop a special routine to cope with pre­match nerves.

10) We had been given tickets to a preview of the film.

 

Задание 16. Write out the italicized words from the sentences taken from" The Independent" and classify them according to the productivity of their derivational affixes. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) Then he read extracts from it, secret histories of those whom he chooses to call the unpeople of this world - the slave labourers <... > sacked in the winter of 1995, who were refused support by their union.

2) I am not over-optimistic about my chances of winning any of these three Firstships.

3) The locals call this place Pitta straat due to the number of ethnic fast-food places, which become a welcome refuge for pubbers and clubbers.

4) The key players left the encounter sounding unimpressed by Mr Yeltsin's efforts to cajole them into supporting the 35-year-old ex­provincial banker and former energy minister, Sergei Kiriyenko.

5) But the interesting point about the legend is that it shows the iconists had the notion of 'painting from life'.

6) The problem in my own case is not sexism, but alphabetism. My partner can vote in the proposed Halifax conversion, but I cannot. My surname begins with G and hers with C. Only the first-named person in a joint mortgage is entitled to vote and to participate in any subsequent shares handout.

7) Bespectacled Kate spanned some eighteen peepful years before being yanked back from retirement for further snoopings.

8) He may say the same thing with the release ofevery new movie, but this time it needs to be said more forcibly, because Harry Block is a writer who specializes in tabooish relationships...

9) The risk lies not in these elements singlely but in the danger that they might combine to create a whole, which is greater than the sum of its parts producing a chain reaction.

10) Some people have cupboardfuls of unwearable outfits without which they simply cannot live: badly flared trousers, nickel belts that give you a nasty rash and expensive peep-toed stilettos with embalmed goldfish in the heels.

11) My mother-in-law is a hataholic person.

12) It's lovely to come back and revisit these places and refeel these emotions.

13) There are still one or two paintings that strike me as having a wrongish size, and therefore give an eccentric scale to the figure.

14) Invariably, some not just name but place-dropping member of London's Celebritocracy is boasting about her high-powered, action­packed day beginning with breakfast in bed.

 

Задание 17.Study the given words illustrating the fact that productivity ofaffixes is a historical phenomenon.

Explain what the derivational affixes mean.

Model: arrestee, impeachee, persuadee, secondee

* The suffix -ee means 'recipient ofan action'.

1) groceteria, booteteria, booketeria, washeteria; 2) spydom, blokedom, computerdom, snobdom, bikerdom; 3) untakeable, uneducative, undutiful, unbrotherly; 4) taxiful, potful, cupboardful, harpful; 5) emailable, rideable, passable, doable; 6) emailer, channeler, bagger, c1ubber; 7) coolth, thickth, resideth; 8) to belgiumize, to vacationize, to citizenize, to fre(e)ize; 9) ex-analyst, ex-wages (clerk), ex-superior, ex-provincial; 10) milkaholic, newsacholic, bookacholic, chocoholic, hataholic, workacholic, shopacholic; 11) refeel, reinterest, re-aim, rebalance; 12) genderism, ableism, heightyism, alphabetism.

Задание 18. Define the etymology of the derivational affixes forming the given words.

Model: risky (full of the possibility of danger, failure, or loss)

* The suffix -y is Old English.

1) refuse nik (a Jew in the former Soviet Union who was refused permission to emigrate to Israel), beat nik (a young person in the 1950s and early 1960s belonging to a subculture associated with the beat generation); 2) pro -family (promoting family life and traditional moral values); 3) do able (within one's powers); 4) merri ment (gaiety and fun); 5) fore tell (to predict the future or a future event); 6) break age (a thing that has been broken); 7) non -citizen (a person who is not an inhabitant or national of a particular state or town); 8) tru ism (a statement that is obviously true and says nothing new or interesting); 9) over excite (excite excessively); 10) hindr ance (a thing that provides resistance, delay, or obstruction to something or someone); 11) cool ant (a languid or gas that is used to remove heat from something); 12) para legal (a person trained in subsidiary legal matters but not fully qualified as a lawyer).

 

Задание 19. Form adjectives from the italicized words given in brackets by means of attaching appropriate suffixes to them. Analyze the valency of the adjective-­forming affixes in terms of the bases they are attached to.

Model: The time seemed to stretch out in a (dream...) manner

* The adjective-forming suffix -like is attached to the nominal base dream­ to form the adjective dreamlike.

1) She smiled a slightly (ironic...) smile. 2) He felt very (protect...) towards her and loved her dearly. 3) The newspapers printed a shocking and (shame...) story. 4. She slept on a (collapse...) bed with rough, (prickle...) sheets. 5) He filled the frequent silences with (comic...) anecdotes. 6) There were two letters from Michael, warm, (humor...), and full of information. 7) Mr and Mrs Bixby lived in a (small...) apartment. 8) His voice was cold and (dead...). 9) I have extra French lessons with a (retire...) schoolmaster. 10) Judy was very (compliment...) about my work. 11) There is the danger of an (accident...) explosion that could be caused by a gas leak. 12) I understood that it was (permit...) to ask a question. 13) She thought how (fool...) he'd been and was not angry any more. 14) It's time you chose between the two (alternate...) lifestyles.

 

Библиографический список

 

1. Кунин А.В. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / А.В. Кунин. М.: Дубна, 1996. 198 с.

2. Лещева Л.М. Слова в английском языке. Лексикология современного английского языка: учеб. пособие: [на англ. яз.] / Л.М. Лещева. Мн., 2002. 214 с.

3. Медникова Э.М. Практикум по лексикологии английском языке. Учеб. пособие для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / Э.М. Медникова. М., 1978. 208 с.

4. The Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology. UK, 1993.

5. The Longman Idioms Dictionary. UK, 2000.


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