The grammatical or formal level of equivalence.
См. тетрадь, тема types of equivalence, можно добавить к грамматической:
On this level, the most possible semantic semilarity between the source and target sentences is found: Every mother loves her children. – Каждая мать любит своих детей. I will write you every week. – Я буду писать тебе каждую неделю. As a matter of fact, this is a word for word translation where each word and the whole structure retains its lexical and grammatical meaning, the situation designated by the sentences is identical, and the communicative function of the utterances is the same. Every form of the target sentence is equal, with no variations, to that of the source language sentence.47 Therefore, this level might be called the level of formal equivalence.
Word level of analysis in translation.
См. тетрадь, тема words and levels of translation
Kinds of translation: Intersemiotic translation.
См. тетрадь
Translation and Interpreting.
См. тетрадь
Communicative interpreting and its functions.
См. тетрадь в теме translation and interpreting
Translation as communication across cultures.
См. Тетрадь. Сразу после Human and machine tr-ion
Equivalent and identical texts. What is the difference?
Тут попытаюсь своими словами сказать, надеюсь я правильно поняла))
The TT can be called equivalent if it preserves the functions that have the original text. The equivalent text conveys the same message to the recipients, but it can’t be identical to the original. In order to achieve equivalent, right translations some changes (lexical, grammatical, stylistic, structural) can be obligatory, while identical texts remain the same on these levels (lex.,gram.,..)
В общем, наверно как-то так)) будем надеяться, что этот вопрос не попадется)
Text-normative equivalence.
См. тетрадь, equivalence in translation
The category of field.
См. тетрадь
The category of genre.
См. тетрадь
The concept of a cultural filter.
См. тетрадь, после analyses of equivalence.
Various types of arguments in connection with Whorfian Hypothesis.
Думаю, тут то же самое, что и в Whorfian h. И упомянуть про translatability principle.
The so called «metalanguage» and the problem of untranslatability.
См. тетрадь, в конце темы Whorfian hypothesis
Classification of translation transformations according to techniques of translation
In the process of translation a SLT as a whole or its segments may undergo varied modifications that are known in the theory and practice of translation as translation transformations.
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Translation transformations are defined by L.S. Barkhudarov as numerous and varied in their quality inter-lingual changes which are made to achieve adequacy in translation in spite of discrepancies in the formal and semantic systems of a SL and a TL.
We can distinguish 3 classifications by Retzker, Barchudarov and Komissarov.
Retzker:
1. Lexical T.
Differentiation
Concretizing
Generakization
Sense development
General transformation
Antonymic translation
Compensation
2. Grammatical T.
Full
Partial
Barchudarov:
1. Substitutions
a)Lexical (concretization, generalization, antonymic translation, compensation)
b)Grammatical (substitution of word-forms, parts of speech, parts of sentence)
2. Transpositions
3. Addition
4. Omission
Komissarov:
1. Lexical T. (Transcription/transliteration, calque)
2. Lexico-semantic (concretizing, generalization, modulation)
3. Lexico-grammatical (antonymic translation, compensation, description)
4. Grammatical (Word for word translation, sentence integration, sentence fragmentation)
5. Grammatical substitutions (of parts of speech, parts of sentence, sentences of a certain type, grammatical category)
60. Classification of translation transformations according to techniques of translation: Omissions
Omissions represent changes in a SLT which are opposite in nature to additions, though they are also qualified as complex lexico-grammatical transformations. Omissions result in dropping some elements from a SLT which may be caused by a number of factors:
the difference in combinability of SL and TL, e.g. English favours pair synonyms the origin of which has historical and cultural roots that have to be translated by single word correspondences in Russian, e.g. The treaty was declared null and void-Договор был объявлен недействительным.
well-established traditions of expressing some information, e.g. English unlike Russian prefers to use detailed descriptions of size, volume, weight and оthеr measurements [Хайруллин 1997] which are looked upon as redundant in Russian and are usually replaced by their functional analogues, e.g. Every inch of his face expressed amazement - На его лице было написано изумление.
the desire to create compression in an English sentence which is often achieved thanks to frequent uses of participial, infinitival, gerundial phrases, complex object, complex subject and other complexes, e.g. Как сообщается, свыше 30 автомашин застряли в пути на 12 часов из-за снежных заносов - More than 30 cars are said to have stuck twelve hours in snow drifts.
Translation practice shows that omissions are more frequently made while translating from Russian into English in contrast to additions that are usual when translating from English into Russian.