The sentence is the smallest unit of communication build up according to a definite syntactic pattern. Every sentence is characterized by its syntactic structure, special intonation, modality and predication. Types of sentences according to types of communication are declarative, interrogative and imperative. Sentences belonging to the several types differ from each other in some grammatical points. Thus interrogative sentences are characterized by a special word-order. In interrogative sentences very few model verbs are used. As the meanings of model verbs are incompatible with the meaning of interrogative sentence. It is clear that model verbs expressing full certainty such as: certainly, surely, naturally cannot appear in a sentence expressing a question. On the other hand the model verb indeed with its peculiar shades of meaning is quite possible in interrogative sentences: (isn’t it so indeed). There are also sentences which may be turned – semi-interrogative: (oh, you’ve seen him?). The sentence is half-way between the affirmative - declarative (you have seen him) and the interrogative sentence (have you seen him) from the syntactical view point the sentence is declarative. As the mutual position of the subject and the predicate (you have seen, not you have seen) which would be the interrogative order. In what way does it differ from a usual declarative sentence? That is the where the question of the intonation comes in. Thether the question mark at the end of the sentence does or does not mean that the intonation is not that typical of that declarative sentence is difficult to tell. To be certain about this a phonetic experiment should be untaken. But in this particular case the author gives a context which itself goes so way toward settling the question. It seems best to term such sentences semi-interrogative. Their purpose is to outer at some what hasitatement statement and to expect other person to conform it. The notion of exclamatory sentences and their relation to three established …. present so difficulty. One the one hand every sentence, thether narrative, interrogative or imperative may be exclamatory at the same time. That is it may conveys the speakers feeling and be characterized by emphatic intonation and by an exclamation mark in writing. (what can he possibly do to you! But he can’t do anything to you! Scarlet, spare me!) On the other hand the sentence can be purely exclamatory – it may not belong to any of the three type classed before. (well, fiddle dee dee said scarlet. Oh, for God sake, Scarlet). It would.. be batter to use different terms for sentences which are purely exclamatory and thus constitute a special time. And those which add an emotional element to their basic quality, which is either declarative, interrogative, imperative. If this view is endorsed Ilish proposes to modifier the classification of sentences according to the type of communication in the following way. First, declarative sentence including emotional ones. Second, interrogative including emotional ones. Third, Imperative including emotional ones. Four, exclamatory.
Types of sentence according to structure. Simple and composite sentences. Simple sentences are usually classified in to two member and one member sentences. This distinction is based on a difference in the many parts of the sentence. In a sentence (Hellin side) there are obviously two main parts (hellin – the doer of the action – the grammatical subject, side – the action perfomed by the subject and is called the grammatical predicate). Sentences having this basic structure: subject + predicate are turmed – two member sentences. However there are sentences which do not contain to separate parts. There is only one main part and the other main part could not even be supplied. They are termed – one member sentences (fire, come on). According to Ilish one member sentence are those sentences which has no separate subject or predicate but one main part only instead. Blox gives a different name – one axis sentences. Among these there are a types of sentence which main part is a noun or a substantives part of speech. The meaning of the sentence is that the thing denoted by the noun exists in a certain place or at a certain time. Such sentences are frequent for example – in stage directions of plays. (night, a ladies bad chamber in Bulgaria, the sixth of march 1886). A different kind of one member clause is seen in the following compound sentence. (a good leap, and perhaps one might clear the narrow terries and so crash down yet another thirty fit). The first clause in its conciseness is very effective. The meaning is equivalent to that of the sentence it would be enough to make a good leap. But the first clause as it stands in the text is certainly a one member clause as every addition to it would entirely change its structure. Imperative sentences with no subject of the action mentioned are also to be classed among one member sentences. (get away from me! Don’t tell him anything..) But in emotional speech they may have a subject (don’t you dare touch). The infinitive sentence is also a one member sentence with the infinitive as its main part. Infinitive sentences may be of two kinds: one time is represented by a sentence, always exclamatory in which the infinitive with a particle “to” stands at the beginning of the sentence and the general meaning of the sentence is a strong feeling as a strong part of the speaker who either wished the thing to happen or else is enraptured by the fact that it is happening already.
Oh, to be in England
Now that Apria their,
And who ever wakes in England,
Sees, some morning, unaware…!
Another type of infinitive sentences is an interrogative sentence beginning with the adverb “.why” followed by the infinitive “with” and sometimes preceded with the particle “not”. (why not give your friend the same pleasure). The types of infinitive sentence have their peculiar characteristics. One of the is always exclamatory and the other – is always interrogative. This, of course, shows that the sphere of infinitive sentences is a very restrictive ones. In Russian type of infinitive sentences are much more varied. While two of the correspond with two type of English imperative sentences (подумать только, почему не сказать ему сразу). Other types of Russian infinitive sentences find nothing to correspond to in English. Among these various types we may mention sentences of a module character implying that something, either must, or cannot be done. (Быть беде, вам не успеть, здесь не пройти). One member sentence should be kept apart from two member sentence with either the subject or the predicate omitted. That is from elliptical sentences. By elliptical sentences Ilish means sentences with one or more of their parts left out which can be unambiguously inferred without difficulty from the context and easily restored. (Have you asked her yet? – not often enough) Parts of sentence
It’s common in grammatical theory to distinguish secondary and main part of the sentence. Besides these two types there are some more – elements which are sad to stand outside the sentence structure. The are two generally recognized parts of a sentence – the subject and the predicate. The reason for calling them the main parts of the sentence is that they constitute the bag bone of the sentence. Where is all over parts of the sentence may or may not be there and if there are there they serve to define or modifier either the subject or the predicate or each other. The subject denotes the thing which action or characteristic is expressed by the predicate. It is not dependant on any other part of the sentence. As for its morphological realization it may be expressed by different parts of speech. The most frequent ones being a noun and the common case, a personal pronoun in the nominative case, a demonstrative pronoun occasionally, a substantives adjective, a number, an infinite, a gerund. It may also be expressed by a phrase. The predicate denoted the action or property of the thing expressed by the subject. It is dependent on any other part of the sentence. Ways of expressing the predicate are varied and their structure will be considered under the heading of type of predicate. Among them there is a finite word form, a variety of phrases of the following patterns. Finite verb + infinite, link verb + noun, link verb + adjective, link verb + preposition + noun etc.
Type of predicate
Predicates may be classified into two ways: one of which is based on their structure and the over on the morphological characteristics – verbal and nominal. If the structural classification is taken as the basic one the following types are obtained: simple predicate which is subdivide into verbal and nominal & compound predicate (verbal and nominal). If the morphological classification is taken as the basic one the result would be the following: verbal predicate (simple and compound), nominal predicate (simple and compound). The simple nominal predicate that is a predicate consisting nearly of a noun or an adjective without a link verb is rare in English but it is nevertheless a living type and must be recognized as such. One of the two subtypes of a simple nominal predicate.
That is they are pronounced with the exclamatory exclamation and have an exclamation mark in writing. Example: Such an old, old lady, he came near to saying out load to himself, to come so far, on a train called the Blue Mountain. The infinitive “to come” clearly performs the function of the predicate. Thou there is no exclamation mark at the end of the sentence it is clearly exclamatory. The idea express in the sentence might also be expressed in the following way. That such an old lady should come so far on a train called The Blue Mountain. There are also some rare times such is in the texts The Weather Forecast. Example: Wind southerly, later veering west wood, see slide. Such sentences read like passengers from a question nary. Adjective answering a question referring to a thing denoted by the noun. The simple verbal predicate (led sinks – simple verbal, I would get – (the simple verbal) in touch later this week).
The compound verbal predicate
Rather considerable number of verbs can be followed by the infinitive, some of them with, other without particle “to” (shall, will, would, wish, fear, continued, forget, remember). (ought, wish, continue, remember) – with particle. The relation between the phrases and parts of the sentence is not the same in all cases. We can at once eliminate the …. shall\will + infinitive, which… The phrase – thus, shall write is the form of the verb write as it is not differ from the forms – write, writes, wrote in its lexical meaning. And consequently it is a simple verbal predicate. The phrases can, may, must, ought to are constitute a compound verbal predicate. But the phrases with the verbs – wish, want, desire, hate, fear, begin, continue give rise to doubts and controversies. On the hole there are two views expressed: according to one of them such phrases are also a compound verbal predicate, the finate verb – wish, begin etc. does not denote an action of its own. It nearly denotes the attitude of the subject to the action expressed by the following infinitive. If the argument were based on purely semantic reasons we should have include into the predicate not only such phrases as – stopped laughing but also such phrases as – began his work, continued his speech, like his job and another phrases containing a noun. Indeed … on which the argument for … there is no difference – began his work… there four approaching the phenomena from a grammatical view point in the phrase – began his work – his work – is a separate part of the sentence namely an object. On the other hand it is not possible with such verbs as – can, may, must, ought – the cannot under any circumstances be followed by a noun. And another question of a similar…. containing idioms of the pattern – verb + noun – make a mistake, make ones appearance. If it’s meaning is not equal to the sum of the meaning of its components it cannot be divided into two parts of the sentence and has to be taken as one part namely the predicate. If a phrase – verb + noun is not a phraseological unite a separate question to witch as noun supplies an answer – he makes toys – what does he make. On the other hand in the sentence – he makes mistakes it would not be possible to ask the question – what does he make and to give mistakes as an answer. According to the second view – mistakes is not a separate part of the sentence and it must be concluded that the phrase – makes mistakes as a hole is the predicate.
Compound verbal modal predicate
We may open certain doors but you have to go through them. My ante is going to visit us, we’d better go back, do you mind sharing. There is also a compound verbal aspective predicate. My watch keeps going slow, an times he would spent all days looked in the rooms. There is compound verbal modal aspective predicate – we must begin studing the subject as soon as possible.
The compound nominal predicate.
It always consists of a link verb, also called copular. And predicative which may be expressed by various parts of speech – a stative or an adverb. The lesson is not over. Category of modality of a s-ce.
The meaning of every sent is related to reality. The gram category which is used to relate the meaning of an utterance to reality is known as Modality. Naida- M indicates the psychological atmosphere of the action as reflecting the speaker’s attitude. Виноградов- М-это отношение содержания высказывания к действительности с т.зр. говорящего. Ch. Balie: “ In every s-ce there are 2 layers → dictum and modus. Dictum bears the meaning of the s-ce, what is said about the subj. Modus expresses the speaker’s attitude to what is being said. In every sent there’s obvious objective modality which indicates the sent meaning & its interrelations with reality. The most important and most universal means of expressing s-ce mod-ty is the verbal category of mood. Since every predicate in a s-ce stands in one of 3 moods the mod-ty expressed in this way is called the objective mod-ty. Objective mod-ty is subdivided into 2 groups: mod-ty of reality (indicative mood) and mod-ty of unreality (the imperative, subjunctive moods). There may appear in a s-ce lang-e forms expressing the speaker’s personal attitude. This is the 2nd kind of mod-ty → the subjective mod-ty. It is expressed by a great variety of lang-e means. There’s a spec.class-n of wrds (Modal words) expressing (un-)certainty of the speaker, supposition. 1st of all these are parenthesis. They may be single words: probably, certainly, luckily; phrases: in my opinion, to my mind, to tell the truth, to put it mildly, to be honest; parenthetical clauses: I think, I hope, I doubt, I’m afraid, as john told me and so on. 2. evaluating words- gorgeous, wonderful…(N-s. Adj-s, Adv-s);
1. Synt character → these are tag-questions; 2 Intonation - to transform a statement into supposition (rising tone). In 1 & the same sent the forms of Obj Mod-ty & Subj M. can be used simultaneously. The Obj M is obligatory forevery sent, while Subj M is optional- speaker’s choice. The means of Subj M may strengthen or weaken the meaning of Obj M (I’m sure he’s here. Probably he’s here.)
Modal Vs express diff kinds of mod-ty which shows the relations between the action and the doer. They express a peculiar kind of mod-ty which can be called potential m-ty (the action isn’t performed).
Since there are many means of expressing mod-ty in the s-ce some scholars present the category in the form of the linguistic field.