1. What does the information from the Met. Office include? 2. What categories of weather information can you specify? 3. What types of weather information do you know?
4. Give definitions to the following terms: TAF, METAR, SPECI, TREND, VOLMET, ATIS, SIGMET, TEMPO, PROB.
5. How is the amount of cloud coverage indicated?
6. What is the difference between the prevailing conditions and temporary changes? 7. When is the term “BECMG” used?
8. Decode NOSIG. 9. Decode PROB.
10. Can the term “TEMPO” relate to deteriorations?
11. In what case may the message be prefaced with a PROB percenatage?
Vocabulary Practice
Ex. 118. Match cloud types with the standard set of abbreviations.
| CU | Cumulonimbus |
| NS | |
| CS | |
| CI | |
| ST | |
| CB | |
| AS | |
| LYR | |
| SC | |
| CC | |
| AC |
© НИЛ НОТ НИО УВАУ ГА(и), 2009 г
Aviation English Fundamentals | 82
Ex. 119. A: Study these met abbreviations.
COMMON MET ABBREVIATIONS
| + | heavy | ICE | icing | RA | rain |
| - | light | IMPR | improve(-ing) | RAG | ragged |
| BECM | becoming | IMT | immediately | RE | recent |
| BL | blowing | INC | in cloud | SEV | severe |
| BLO | below clouds | INCR | increase | SFC | surface |
| BR | mist | INTSF | intensify | SG | snow grains |
| BTN | between | IR | ice on runway | SH | showers |
| CAT | clear air turbulence | LAN | inland | SN | snow |
| COT | At the coast | LGT | light | SQ | squall |
| CUF | cumuliform | LOC | locally | STNR | stationary |
| DECR | decrease | LSQ | line squall | TCU | towering cumulus |
| DP | dewpoint temperature | LV | light andvariable(wind) | TS | thunderstorm |
| DR | low drifting | LYR | layer(ed) | TURB | turbulence |
| DTRT | deteriorate | MI | shallow | UA | air report(PIREP) |
| DZ | drizzle | MNM | minimum | V | varying |
| FCST | forecast | MOD | moderate | VAL | in valleys |
| FG | fog | MS | minus | VC | vicinity of aerodrome |
| FLUC | fluctuating | MT | mountain | VCY | vicinity |
| FT | feet | MTW | mountain waves | VER | vertical |
| FU | smoke | NC | no change | VIS | visibility |
| FZ | freezing | NSC | nil significant cloud | WDSPR | widespread |
| GEN | generally | NSW | nil significant weather | WKN | weaken(ing) |
| GR | hail | OBSC | obscured | WRNG | warning |
| GS | smallhail and/orsnowpellets | PE | ice pellets | WS | windshear |
| HVY | heavy | PROV | provisional | WX | weather |
| PS | plus |
B: Decode metabbreviations:
SN, GR, SH, INCR, RA, TS, NC, V, WRN, WS, DP, LSQ, RE, FZ, TURB, SEV, MOD, GEN, DZ, FG, CAT, IR, +, -.
© НИЛ НОТ НИО УВАУ ГА(и), 2009 г
Aviation English Fundamentals | 83
Vocabulary Practice
Ex. 120. A: Match the word combinations in column A with the Russian equivalents in column B.
Example: a – 1.
B: Make up sentences of your own using these expressions.
A
a. suface wind
b. tailwind c. headwind d. crosswind e. wind calm f. wind shear
g. variable wind h. wind aloft
i. gusty wind
j. prevailing wind
B
1. приземный ветер, ветер у земли
2. штиль
3. сдвиг ветра
4. попутный ветер 5. встречный ветер
6. преобладающий ветер 7. ветер по высотам
8. порывистый ветер 9. боковой ветер
10. переменный ветер
Ex. 121. A: Match the word combinations in column A with the Russian equivalents in column B.
Example: a – 1.
B: Use these word combinations in the sentences of your own.
A
a broken clouds
b. scattered clouds
c. embedded clouds
d. towering clouds
e. rain clouds
f. continuous clouds
B
1. разорванные облака, значительная облачнос
2. дождевое облако
3. башенкообразные облака
4. непрерывная облачность
5. замаскированные
6. рассеянные облака
© НИЛ НОТ НИО УВАУ ГА(и), 2009 г
Aviation English Fundamentals | 84
Ex. 122*. Fill in the chart to find the other parts of speech. Use your dictionary where necessary. Check the pronunciation.
| NOUN | VERB | ADJECTIVE |
| 1. specification | specify | specific |
| 2. … | observe | … |
| 3. … | … | assessing |
| 4. amendment | … | … |
| 5. … | categorize | … |
| 6. expectancy | … | … |
| 7. … | define | … |
| 8. coverage | … | … |
| 9. … | … | significant |
| 10. completion | … | … |
| 11. … | describe | … |
| 12. … | … | updating |
Ex. 123*. Form nouns from the verbs.
To specify, to describe, to define, to determine, to categorize, to update, to expect, to complete, to amend, to signify, to cover, to request, to deteriorate, to assess, to observe, to encounter.
Ex. 124. A: Match the word combinations in column A with the Russian equivalents in column B.
Example: a – 1.
B: Make up sentences of your own using these expressions.
A a. heavy rain
b. light rain
c. moderate rain d. intermittent rain e. continuous rain
f. freezing rain
B 1. сильный дождь
2. переохлажденный дождь 3. непрерывный дождь
4. слабый дождь
5. кратковременный дождь
6. умеренный дождь
Ex. 125. A: Match the word combinations in column A with the Russian equivalents in column B.
Example: a – 1.
B: Make up sentences of your own using these expressions.
© НИЛ НОТ НИО УВАУ ГА(и), 2009 г
Aviation English Fundamentals | 85
A
a. shallow fog
b. thick fog c. thin fog d. dense fog
e. drizzling fog f. advection fog
g. fog in patches
B
1. стелющийся туман
2. адвективный туман 3. густой туман
4. моросящий туман 5. плотный туман
6. туман клочьями
7. редкий туман