Способы словообразования в английском языке
Конверсия - это наиболее распространенный способ словообразования, при котором слово переходит из одной части речи в другую без использования аффиксов и префиксов, то есть без изменения структуры слова (a hand - рука, tohand - вручать).
Аффиксация – это образование новых слов при помощи суффиксов и префиксов:
· При помощи суффикса -ion образуются существительные от основы глагола: (preparation - подготовка, attention - внимание).
· -al, -ful, -y - суффиксы, при помощи которых образуются прилагательные: (medical - медицинский, beautiful - красивый, sunny - солнечный).
· При помощи суффикса -ly образуются наречия: (usually - обычно).
· При помощи суффикса -ing от основы глагола образуются существительные: (swimming - плавание).
· Отрицательный префикс -un могут иметь прилагательные и глаголы: (unlucky - неудачный, unmake - разрушать).
Компрессия – это способ словообразования в английском языке, благодаря которому появляются сложные слова. При этом происходит сокращение компонентов словосочетания (a roadtest – toroadtest). Слова, образованные подобным способом, - частое явление в современном английском языке.
Словообразование в английском языке не обходится без словосложения. Это способ образования сложных слов путем соединения основ слова (world-famous – всемирно известный, dark-brown – темно-коричневый).
Аббревиация – образование новых слов путем сокращения (ad – advertisement - объявление).
Consult the dictionary and find the root words to the following :
Help(помощь), participate(приниматьучастие), contribute(делатьвклад), allocate(выделять), mean(имею в виду), equitable(равноправный), prevent(недопустить), assemble(собирать), perform(выполнять), imply(подразумевать), consider(рассматривать), scarce(дефицитный), benefit(выгода), value(стоимость), societal(социальный), vary(варьировать), certainly(безусловно), compete(конкурировать).
Текстпоспециальности 2
This text gives a very brief view of the history of Economics. What other names (schools, theories) can you give to continue the story? (Этот текст дает очень краткое представление об истории экономики.Какие еще имена (школы, теории) вы можете дать, чтобы продолжить историю?)
HISTORY OF ECONOMICS
In the 1500s there were few universities. Those that existed taught religion, Latin, Greek, philosophy, history, and mathematics. No economics. Then came the Enlightenment (about 1700) in which reasoning replaced God as the explanation of why things were the way they were. Pre-Enlightenment thinkers would answer the question, “Why am I poor?” with, “Because God wills it.” Enlightenment scholars looked for a different explanation. “Because of the nature of land ownership” is one answer they found.
Such reasoned explanations required more knowledge of the way things were, and the amount of information expanded so rapidly that it had to be divided or categorized for an individual to have hope of knowing a subject. Soon philosophy was subdivided into science and philosophy. In the 1700s, the sciences were split into natural sciences and social sciences. The amount of knowledge kept increasing, and in the late 1800s and early 1900s social science itself split into subdivisions: economics, political science, history, geography, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Many of the insights about how the economic system worked were codified in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, written in 1776. Notice that this is before economics as a subdiscipline developed, and Adam Smith could also be classified as an anthropologist, a sociologist, a political scientist, and a social philosopher.
Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx were more than economists; they were social philosophers who covered all aspects of social science. These writers were subsequently called Classical economists. Alfred Marshall continued in that classical tradition, and his book, Principles of Economics, published in the late 1800s, was written with the other social sciences in evidence. But Marshall also changed the question economists ask; he focused on the questions that could be asked in a graphical supply-demand framework. In doing so he began what is called neo-classical economics.
For a while economics got lost in itself, and economists learned little else. Marshall’s analysis was downplayed, and the work of more formal economists of the 1800s (such as Leon Walras, Francis Edgeworth, and Antoine Cournot) was seen as the basis of the science of economics. Economic analysis that focuses only on formal interrelationships is called Walrasian economics.
Addition
In the 90s of the XX century. Institutionalism gained popularity. Representatives of this school - Thorstein Veblen, John Galbraith, Ronald Coase, Douglas North - proceed in their writings from the close relationship of dynamically changing economic and non-economic factors in the process of evolution. The theory focuses on the role that various institutions play in economic decision-making, and public institutions are understood to mean a wide variety of structures and relationships - from property and the market to the family and the union. Of particular importance are the elements of social structure, the form of organization and regulation of economic activity. Without social control on the part of society over the activities of the totality of institutions, primarily economic ones, it is impossible to achieve the effective functioning of the system. It is especially important in those areas where market failure is most pronounced - economic, socio-cultural and regional contemporary problems.
Практическоезадание
Look at suffixes of nouns and adjectives. Form the missing words in the columns and translate the resulting words.
Nouns: -ness, -ion, -ation, -ment, -ance, -ition
Adjectives: -al, -y, -ly, -ful, -ous, -tific
Adjective
1. Lucky
2. Happiness
3. Wonderful
4. Speed
5. Greedy
6. Friend
7. Science
8.Traditional
9. Science
10. Ill
11. Truth
12. Profession
13. Business
14. Healthy
15.Wealth
Noun
1. Investigate
2. Invite
3. Discussion
4. Appear
5. Organize
6. Relax
7. Competition
8. Invent
1.7. текст по специальности 3
TEXT 3
Open the brackets.
The Price System
Who tell workers where work or what occupation to choose? Who declare haw many cars should produce and how many homes should built? Who specify the predominant style of women’s dresses or men’s suits?
The greater the degree of competition the more these matters decide impersonally and automatically by the price system or the market system. This may view as a system of rewards and penalties. Rewards to include profits for firms and people who succeed. Penalties to include losses, or probably bankruptcy, for those who fail. The price system to be fundamental to the traditional concept of market economy.
The price system basically operate on the principle that everything that exchange – every good, every service, and every resource – have its price. In a free market with many buyers and sellers, the prices of these things reflect the quantities that sellers make available and the quantities that buyers to wishpurchase.
Thus, if buyers want purchase more of a certain good than suppliers have available, its price to rise. This to encourage suppliers produce and sell more of it. On the other hand, if buyers want purchase less of a certain good than suppliers prepare to sell, its price fall. This encourage buyers purchase more of it.
This interaction between sellers and buyers in a competitive market, and the resulting changes in prices, be what most people refer to by the familiar phrase “supply and demand”.
Практическоезадание
Match the abbreviations with its Russian meanings. Consult the dictionary of economic terms if necessary.
1. PSE - N) Тихоокеанский экономический совет
2. ASE - L) Американская Фондовая Биржа
3. BExA - A) Британскаяассоциацияэкспортеров
4. APDF - H) Африканский проект развития благоприятных условий для бизнеса
5. AEF - M) Африканский Фонд Предпринимательства
6. ECOWASreport - B) Отчет Экономического сообщества западноафриканских государств
7. ECBpolicymaker - F) оценкаподдержкипроизводителя
8. PBEC - I) высшее должностное лицо Европейского центрального банка
9. A.B.C. - С) Cборник австралийских решений по делам о банкротстве
10. C.C. - J) торговая палата
11. C.P.R. - O) канадский патентно-правовой журнал
12. BoE - D) Английский банк
13. A.B.S. - американское бюро морских перевозок
14. BGN - P) Болгарский лев
15. BSI - E) Британская организация по стандартизации