An identifying relative clause gives necessary information and is essential to the meaning of the main sentence. The relative pronouns can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause. The relative clause is not put in commas.
People who park Megally are fined.
The film I watched yesterday was boring.
A non-identifying relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main sentence. In non-identifying relative clauses, the relative pronouns cannot be omitted and cannot be replaced by that. The relative clause is put in commas.
The Jeffersons, who own a Jaguar, live next door.
My cat, which I found on the street, is called Monty.
Упражнения: Jenny Dooley. Virginia Evans. Grammarway 3, р. 113 ex. 1-5, р. 114, 115 ex. 6, 7,
р. 116 ex. 13, 14.
Пособие “Pronouns” (Составитель: Полякова Г.А.)р. 31, 32 ex. 1а, в, 2.
Indefinite pronouns.
a) We use much and (a) little with uncountable nouns, and many and (a) few with plural countable nouns.
We use a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of with both uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns.
a lot/ lots = a great quantity or number;
plenty = more than enough
b) We use much and many mostly in questions and in negative sentences.
We use a lot (of), lots (of) and plenty (of) not much and many in affirmative sentences.
But we use much, many in affirmative sentences after too, as, so and very.
A little and a few are positive ideas. Little and few are negative ideas.
c) We use some and any before plural nouns and uncountable nouns to talk about an indefinite quantity.
I general, we use some mostly in affirmative sentences and any mostly in negative sentences.
We use any after words with a negative meaning. (without, never, seldom, rarely, hardly)
There are hardly any eggs left.
You never do any homework.
I found a taxi without any trouble.
We can use some or any after if.
If you need some/ any money, tell me.
We use any in questions when we do not expect a particular answer.
Is there any tea in the cupboard?
We use some in questions when we expect people to say ‘yes’ in requests and offers. Would you live some more tea? - Yes, please.
We can use any to mean ‘it doesn’t matter which’ or ‘whichever you like’.
You can get the tickets from any travel agency.
We use none alone, without a noun.
How much coffee have we got? ‘ None ’
Before my, this, the, etc or an object pronoun we use none of.
None of my frends have seen the film.
None of the photographs were very good.
None of us have any money.
When we use none of with a plural noun, the verb can be singular or plural.
None of my friends have/ has seen the film.
A singular verb is more formal.
whole means ‘complete’ or’ every part of’. We use whole with singular countable nouns.
I didn’t see the whole film.
Before place names, we most often use the whole of
The whole of Europe.
We always use the, my, this before whole + singular noun.
The whole film, my whole salary
We do not normally use whole with uncountable nouns.
We’ve finished all the coffee.
We can also use a whole before a singular noun.
We use all with some singular countable nouns.
all day = the whole day; all afternoon = the whole afternoon.
all night = the whole night
A/ the whole hour a/ the whole century, the whole truth
All my life/ my whole life.
All (of) can be used with a noun or pronoun.
All is not used without a noun or pronoun to mean ‘everybody’.
All the people were tired.
Everybody was tired.
All can be used to mean ‘everything’ or ’the only thing’, but only with a relative clause.
She gave me all/everything (that) she had.
All (that) I want is a place of my own.
The thieves took everything (not the thieves took all).
Упражнения: Пособие ‘Pronouns’ (Составитель - Полякова Г.А.) стр. 21 упр. 5.6А, 5.6В; стр. 22 упр. 5.6D.
She gave me all/ everything (that) she had.
All (that) I wanf is a place of my own.
The thieves took everything (not the thieves toon all)
Both
We use both (= ‘the two together’ or’ one and the other’) before a plural countable noun.
I spoke to both girls.
We use both of before the, your, these + plural noun; in this case, we often leave out of.
Both (of) the films were very good.
We use both of before the plural object pronouns you, us, them. In this case, we cannot leave out of.
She invited both of us to the party.
We can use both after an object pronoun.
She invited us both to the party.
Either, neither
We can use either (= ‘one or the other’) and neither (= ‘not one and not the other) before a singular countable noun.
Either day (Saturday or Sunday) is fine with me.
Neither road goe s to the station.
We use either of and neither of before your, these, the + a plural countable noun.
Can either of your parents speak French?
Neither of these roads goe s to the station.
We use either of and neither of before the plural object pronouns you, us, them.
Can either of you type?
Neither of us went to the party.
After neither of we can use a singular or a plural verb.
A singular verb is more common in a formal style.
We use both, either and neither to link ideas.
both... and...; either... or....; neither... nor...
I spoke to both Sally and Peter.
John is both thoughtful and generous.
She both speaks Japanese and writes it.
I don’t like either football or rugby.
We can either stay or go out.
Neither Mrs Woods nor her husband were at home.
He neither apologised nor explained.
Упражнения для грамматического анализа текста:
Разработка ‘Pronouns’ (Составитель - Полякова Г.А.)
р.2 ex. 1D, р.4 ex. 2D, р.8 ex. 4.4.Е р.10 ex. 5D, р.11 Round the world alone, р. 14 ex. 6D, р.15 Missing, р.18 ex. 5.5.Е, р.19 Poor little rich kids, р.22 ex. 5,6D, р.23 Faraway faces, р.27 The Bermuda Triangle, р.31 People who help.
Adverbs.
План прохождения темы:
1. Определение, образование, классификация наречий.
2. Место наречия в предложении.
1. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
An adverb can be one word (here, why, happily) or a phrase, sometimes called an ‘adverbial phrase’, (at, first; all of a sudden).
We usually form an adverb by adding the suffix -ly to an adjective (soft - soft ly).
Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and take -y (probable - probably); adjectives ending in consonant + y drop the -y and take -ily (heavy - heavily); adjectives ending in -l take ly (careful - carefully); adjectives ending is -ic usually take -ally (tragic - tragically, but: public - publicly).
Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives also end in - ly (friendly, lovely, lonely, silly, ugly). These adjectives have no adverbs forms; instead we use different structures (in a friendly way).
Some adverbs have either a totally different form or the same form as the adjective. (good - well, fast - fast, hard - hard, early - early, late - late).