To fulfil the task the teacher must train his pupils in listening comprehension beginning with the first lesson and throughout the whole period of instruction. These are the techniques the teacher uses for the purpose:
1. The teacher uses the foreign language:
(a)when giving the class instructions;
(b)when presenting new language material (words, sentence patterns);
(c)when checking pupils' comprehension;
(d)when consolidating the material presented;
(e)when checking pupils' assimilation of the language material covered.
These are the cases when the target language is used as a means of communication and a means of teaching. There Is a great deal of auding in all the points of the lesson. This raises the problem of the teacher's speech during the lesson. It should be correct, sufficiently loud, clear, and expressive. But many of the teachers are too talkative. We can hear them speaking most of the time. Moreover, some teachers speak a great deal in Russian.
Conducting a lesson in a foreign language gives the teacher an opportunity to develop pupils' abilities in hearing; to train them in listening lo him attentively during the lesson; to demonstrate the language as a means of communication; to provide favourable conditions for the assimilation of the language; to perfect his own speaking skills; to keep his own speech under control, i. е., to keep himself from undue talkativeness.
2. The teacher uses drill and speech exercises for developing listening comprehension.
We can group drill exercises into exercises designed for overcoming linguistic difficulties, and exercises which can eliminate psychological difficulties.
The first group of drill exercises includes:
(a) phonetic exercises which will help the teacher to develop his pupils' ear for English sounds:
—Listen to the following words and raise your hands when you hear the words with la>l. (The teacher says: desk, pen, ten, bag, etc.)
—Listen to the following pairs of words and say in what sound they differ: pen — pin; bed — bad; eyes — ice; while — wide.
(b) lexical exercises which will help the teacher to develop
pupils' skills in recognizing words:
—Listen to the words and recognize the word boy among other words: a baby, a toy, a boat, a boy, a girl.
—Listen to the following words and raise your hands when you hear the words referring to plants: street, tree, grass, class, flower, tower.
—Listen to the following sentences and say whether the word country has the same meaning in both sentences:
I usually spent my holidays in the country. The Soviet Union is a large country.
(с) grammar exercises which help the teacher to develop pupils' skills in recognizing grammar forms and structures:
—Listen to the following words and raise your hands when you hear words in plural: desk, tables, book, box, pens, books, boxes, etc.
—Listen to the following sentences and say in which one the word help is used as a noun.
He can help you. I need his help.
The second group of drill exercises includes:
(a) exercises which help the teacher to develop his pupil;
auditory memory:
—Listen to the following words and try to memorize them. (The teacher pronounces a number of words pointing to the object each denotes: a carrot, a potato, a cucumber, a tomato. Afterwards pupils are told to point to the object the teacher names.)
—Listen to the phrases and repeat them. The teacher says: on the table, in the box, near the blackboard.
— Listen to the sentences and repeat them. (The teacher says: / like tea. Ann doesn't like tea. She likes milk.)
—Listen to the sentences and repeat them in the same sequence. (The teacher says: In the evening we have tea. I like it very much. The teacher may increase the number of sentences for pupils to memorize.)
(b) exercises which are designed for developing pupils'
attention:
—Listen to the following text: / have a sister. Her name is. Ann. Mike has no sister. He has a brother. Now say what is the name of Mike's sister.
—Listen to the text. (The text follows.) Now say which sentence was omitted (added) when you listened to it a second time.
(c) exercises which develop pupils' visual imagination:
—Listen to the following definition and give it a name: We write with it on the blackboard. We take it when it rains.
— Listen and say which season it is: It is cold. It often snows. Children can skate and ski.
(d) exercises which help the teacher to develop his pupils' logical thinking:
— Listen to the sentences and say whether they are logically arranged: Her name is Mary. This is a girl.
Drill exercises are quite indispensable to developing pupils' skills in listening comprehension.
Speech exercises are designed for developing pupils' skills in auding. Several groups of exercises may be suggested:
1. Exercises which teach pupils lo understand texts different in content, form, and type. Pupils are asked to listen to a description or a narration; the text may be a dialogue, it may deal with the life of people whose language the pupils
study, or with the pupils' environment.
—Listen to the story. Your task is lo define its main idea. You should choose one among those suggested by the teacher.
—Listen to the story. Your task is to grasp as much information as you can. While auding try to put down key words and sentences; they will help you to convey the context of the story.
2. Exercises which develop pupils' skills to understand a text under different conditions. Sound producing aids should be extensively used for developing pupils' auding, as pupils are supposed to understand not only their teacher's speech, but other people speaking the target language, including native speakers. Besides, sound producing aids allow the teacher to supply pupils with recorded speech different
in speed and voice.
Before pupils are invited to listen to the text the teacher should ensure that all the words and grammar are familiar to the pupils otherwise language difficulties will prevent them from understanding the story. Thus, if there are some unfamiliar words, the teacher introduces them beforehand; he either puts them down on the blackboard with the mother tongue equivalents in the sequence they appear in the text or he asks pupils lo pronounce the words written on the blackboard if he plans a talk on the text afterwards, and pupils are to use these words in their speech.
Then the teacher should direct his pupils' attention to what they are going to listen to. This is of great importance for experiments prove that if your aim is that your pupils should keep on talking on the text they have heard it stimulates (heir thinking and facilitates their comprehension of the text.
The following tasks may be suggested to draw pupils attention to what they are auding:
—Listen and try to grasp the main idea of the story. You will be asked questions later on.
—Listen and try to grasp the details. You will have lo name them.
—Listen and make a plan of the story.
—Listen to the story and try to finish it (think of the end of the story).
—Listen to the story. You will ask questions on it afterwards.
—Listen to the text. You will retell it afterwards.
—Listen to the story. We shall have a discussion on it. Etc.
When pupils are ready to listen, the text can be read to them. If it is the teacher who reads or tells the story, he can help pupils to comprehend the text with gestures. If the text is recorded, a picture or pictures can facilitate comprehension. The pupils listen to the text once as is usually the case in real communication. Then the teacher checks their comprehension. If they have not understood it, they are told to listen to the text again. The teacher can use a dialogue to help pupils to understand the text after they have listened to the story for the first time, i- е., he may ask questions, make statements on the text for pupils lo agree or reject them.
Checking pupils' comprehension may be done in many ways depending on the stage of instruction, pupils' progress in the language, and other factors. In any case, however, it is necessary to proceed in order of complexity from mere recognition to reproduction.
The procedure may be:
general questions,
special questions,
wrong statements,
pupils' questions on the text
making a plan
telling the text according to the plan (it may be done so: the teacher checks pupils
in a chain-like way the comprehension and develops reciting the text their speaking skills on giving the gist of the text the basis of the text heard.
written reproduction of the text
discussing the text
Skills in hearing must be built up gradually. The teacher begins with a story containing 3—4 sentences. He uses pictures, gestures to help pupils to understand it. Gradually he can take longer sections and faster speeds with less visual help and in more difficult language. The teacher must bear in mind that careful grading in all these ways is of the utmost importance. Texts, stories to be read or recorded should be interesting and fairly easy.