УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
По курсу: «Иностранный язык»
для внеаудиторного чтения
«Основы геологии нефти. Методы бурения»
Октябрьский 2003
Данная разработка содержит специальные тексты со словарем для самостоятельной работы студентов всех специальностей (ГР,МП,НД)
Составил Павлова И.В. и Муталова С.Р. ст.преподаватель
Рецензент Фазуллина И.Ф. ст. преподаватель
© Октябрьский филиал Уфимского государственного нефтяного технического университета, 2003
Unit l
I Learn the words:
1.Petroleum /pəˈtrəʊlɪəm/, oil /ɔɪl/ - нефть, нефтяной
2.Geology /dʒɪˈɒlədʒɪ/ - геология
3.to encounter- встречаться, сталкиваться с
4.scientist - ученый
5.distribution - распределение, распространение
6.property - свойство
7.origin - происхождение
8.accumulation - накопление
9.reservoir rocks - коллекторские породы
10.discovery - открытие, обнаружение
11.valuation - оценка
12.decade - десятилетие
13.surface - поверхность
14.change - изменение, изменять
15. oil- field - нефтяное месторождение
16.technique - технология, технический прием
17.use - применение, польза, использовать
18.data - данные
19.exploration - исследование, разведка
20.well - скважина, колодец
21.to determine - определять
22.to depend on - зависеть от
23.shale - сланец
24.coal - уголь
25.deposit - отложение, залежь
26.sedimentary - осадочный
27.to contain - содержать, вмещать
28.environs - окрестности, окружение
29.to penetrate - проникать, проходить вглубь
30.sample - образец
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Work of the Petroleum Geologist
Petroleum geology deals with many problems encountered by geologists and other scientists in their study of petroleum. Among them are geographic and stratigraphic distribution, chemical and physical properties, origin, migration, accumulation, reservoir rocks, structure, methods of discovery, and valuation of oil and gas properties.
For more than two decades after petroleum geologists became actively engaged in geological work their most important work was that of general reconnaissance of the surface and detailed surface mapping. Since 1920 there has been a progressive change from the relatively simple surface mapping methods of oil-field discovery to more specialized techniques which employ the use of geology, geophysics, and chemistry.
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Many geologists are now well trained specialists in the interpretation of data furnished by the different types of exploration, such as geophysics and geochemistry, and by the drilling of many wells. The petroleum geologist of today may devote all his time to the examination of well samples in order to make stratigraphic well logs. Or he may be a specialist in micropaleontology and study fossils found in well samples and cores to determine the relative ages of the formations penetrated. He may be a subsurface geologist who correlates sample and electric logs and uses paleontological data in the construction of subsurface structure maps, paleogeographic maps, and isopachous maps.
Some petroleum geologists are specialists in the interpretation of geophysical data furnished by field crews. Others are geological observers and geophysical crews in the field, and some are well-trained geophysicists. Many geologists direct the drilling and coring programme of field wells.
The future of the petroleum geologist depends on his ability to discover new oil and gas fields more economically than oil and gas can be extracted from coal and oil shale. He has been successful in the past, and the demand for his services will become greater in the future. In order to keep pace with increasing difficulties involved in the discovery of new reserves, the petroleum geologist will have to have a more detailed knowledge of stratigraphy, sedimentation, geologic history, geologic and physiographic processes, and structural geology.
Geographic and Stratigraphic distribution of petroleum
The petroleum deposits of the world are located in sedimentary basins and in geosynclines. The most important petroleum resources of the world are located in the environs of land-locked seas occupying inter-continental troughs or depressions in the earth's crust. The principal regions of this character are:
(1)The environs of the Mediterranean, Red, Black, and Caspian seas and the Persian Gulf, occupying the depressed segment between the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia. In this region, the prolific oil fields of the U.S.S.R. and the Near and Middle East are located.
(2)The environs of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, lying in the landlocked basin between the continents of North and South America. This region contains the most important petroleum resources so far developed in the Western Hemisphere: Trinidad, Venezuela, Columbia, Mexico, and the Gulf Coast area in the United States.
(3)The environs of the shallow island-studded seas which lie between the continents of Asia and Australia in the Far East. Important petroleum resources have already been developed on the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and New Guinea, and much promising territory remains to be explored in this region.
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(4)The environs of the land-locked Arctic Sea, lying in the north-polar depression between the continents of North America, Europe, and Asia. This region is almost wholly unexplored, but it is characterized throughout by conspicuous surface evidences of petroleum.
Many important oil and gas fields of the world are located in smaller geo-synclines and sedimentary basins. In North America there are important petroleum resources in the Appalachian geosyncline, Michigan basin, Eastern Interior coal basin, the West Texas basin, the Rocky Mountain geosyncline, and the Pacific geosyncline. In South America the petroleum resources of Argentina are situated in local sedimentary basins and in geosynclines. In the U.S.S.R. the important oil and gas deposits of the Ural-Volga and Kama fields are located in a large interior sedimentary basin.
The supply of oil and natural gas in the world is distributed in rocks ranging in age from pre-Cambrian to Quaternary.
The younger geological periods are more productive of oil than the older ones. More than one-half of the world's oil production has come from rocks of the Tertiary period. The Cretaceous period is next in importance in total oil production. More than 16 per cent of the total world production has come from Cretaceous rocks. The Pennsylvanian period is third in importance In the amount of oil produced.
Unit 2
I Learn the words:
1.chemical - химический
2.complex - сложный
3.mixture - смесь
4.liquid - жидкий, жидкость
5.solid - твердый, твердое тело
6.hydrocarbon - углеводород
7.compound - соединение
8.oxygen - кислород
9.nitrogen - азот
10.sulphur - сера
11.amount - количество, величина
12.matter – материя, вещество
13.impurity - примесь
14.substance - вещество
15.to occur - происходить, встречаться
16.crude oil - сырая (неочищенная) нефть
17.pressure - давление
18.to dissolve - растворять
19.volatile - летучий
20.colour - цвет
21.odour - запах
22.specific gravity - удельный вес
23.viscosity - вязкость
24.boiling - point - точка кипения
25.fluorescence - свечение, флюоресценция
26. resistance - сопротивление
27.motion - движение
movement - движение
28.reason - причина
29.means - средство, способ
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