Capital Letters are used for:
1. Names of days, holidays, months, school subjects (E.g.: Sunday, Veteran’s Day, September, Arts)
2. Names of people, nationalities, towns, cities, states, counties and countries. (E.g.: Yury Gagarin, Russian, Cambridge, Manchester, Virginia, Devon, Greenwich, China).
3. Names of streets, avenues, lanes and roads. Common nouns after proper nouns. (E.g.: Oxford Street, Gooseberry Lane, London Bridge, Greenwich Observatory)
4. Names of forests, parks, mountains, oceans, seas, lakes and rivers. (E.g.: Hyde Park, the Sayan Mountains, the Pacific Ocean, the Volga).
5. Parts of the world. (E.g.: the East, the West). These words are begun with a small letter when they mean direction. (E.g.: to go north, to sail south).
6. The greeting of a letter. (E.g.: Dear Friends, We would like to invite you…).
7. All words in a title but for articles and short prepositions. (E.g.: National Geographic, Alice in Wonderland).
Task 1 Copy and put the capital letters.
Fourth of july, washington,d,c., the hudson river, january, new york times, black beauty, snow white, london zoo, baker street, tuesday, wednesday, scottish, irish, the british museum, the national gallery, the north pole, the far east, ferdinand magellan, the microsoft corporation, “lily-of-the-water”.
dear mark,
i am so glad to receive your letter…
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A contraction is a short form of writing when words are joined and some letters are left out. An apostrophe (’) shows where a letter or letters have been left out. In textbooks or in formal letters they are usually written in full.
I’ve – I have
Who’d – who would
It’s – it is
There’s – there is
He’s – he has / he is
I’ll – I will
Hasn’t –has not
Haven’t – have not
Can’t – cannot
Won’t – will not
You’re – you are
Didn’t – did not
Task 2. Rewrite the sentences, using contractions:
1. I should not stay long. _________________________________________________________
2. Mary thinks she is getting a cold._________________________________________________
3. Our dog does not like to swim. __________________________________________________
4. What is in the basket? _________________________________________________________
5. Harry could not answer the question. _____________________________________________
6. I would help you if I could. _____________________________________________________
7. Our teacher was not in school today.______________________________________________
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8. I have made this toy myself. ____________________________________________________
9. He will be at your house by 6 o’clock._____________________________________________
Task 3. Make the necessary corrections in these adverts:
1. Don’t wait another minute. Try Toothpaste for Tots. Youll be glad you did.
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2. Theres no soap like Frescho. Everybodys buying it. Arent you?
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3. Were sure youll save at Top Shop. Weve got the lowest prices.
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Task 4. Copy and put the capital letters.(There are 18 capitals).
dear sir, (1)
rumours having been afloat of white men having made their apparition somewhere south of this lake, (2) i have come here in quest of news… I could easily come to chief mpiga, (3) and my steamer and boats would bring you here. We could concert on further designs.
beware of kabarega’s men! (4_) he has expelled captain casayi.
believe me, dear sir, (5) to be
yours very faithfully, (6)
dr emin
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Analyze the following rules:
(1) and (6) – Use a comma (,) after the salutation and the closing of any letter.
(2) – Use a comma after the introductory participial phrase.
(3) – Use a comma before and, but, or, for, yet when they join independent clauses.
(4) – Use an exclamation mark (!) after an exclamation.
Урок 5
Пунктуация. Punctuation
Task 1 Rewrite the text. Make the necessary corrections. Mind the rules of punctuation and capitalizing. (There are 20 capital letters)
uncle arnold washed up the breakfast things and fed charles the cat rubbed against his legs and looked up at uncle arnold with his round green eyes when everything was tidy uncle arnold tucked the clock under his arm and set off for the market square he saw his neighbor and waved to her mrs cobbit was just selling the mayor his buttonhole flower for the day but she happily waved uncle arnold back he smiled and went into mr platts clock shop
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We use quotation marks (“…”) when we write someone’s exact words. The punctuation mark at the end of the sentence usually goes inside the quotation marks. A comma separates the quotation from the rest of the sentence.
Example: Margaret asked, “What do you mean?”
Task 2 Correct the mistakes in the sentences as if you were a teacher. Use a red pen.
1. My aunt said “I feel comfortable.”
2. Lou yelled,”How terrible the storm is!”
3. “Mrs Bloom asked. Is anyone absent?”
4. Someone said, “This is a precious stone”
5. Sue asked, “Which apartment is vacant”?
6. I replied, “Try something different.
Task 3 Study the table of English punctuation (Happy English-2, p. 412-413)
TEST (Happy English-2, p. 388)
Rewrite the letter with punctuation and capital letters.
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Урок 6
Правила правописания. Деление слов для переноса.