In the United States terms college and university can describe variety of institutions. A college may form one major division of the university, offering programs in … specific academic field that lead to … undergraduate or graduate degrees, or both. … colleges may also be independent of … university, offering four-year programs of general education that lead to … bachelor’s degree in … liberal arts and sciences. Some independent colleges offer … limited number of graduate programs, but usually their primary mission is to provide … undergraduate education. Community colleges offer … two-year programs of general education or vocational education.
Universities generally comprise various colleges and professional schools that make up … academic divisions of … institution. For example, … university may include … college of arts and sciences in … addition to professional schools of education, law, medicine, and engineering. Universities provide higher education leading to … bachelor’s degree as well as professional and graduate programs leading to … master’s and doctoral degrees. Colleges and universities in … United States and … Canada may be public institutions supported by federal, state, provincial, or municipal governments, or they may be private (independent) institutions. … university differs from … college in that it is usually larger, has … broader curriculum, and offers graduate and professional degrees in … addition to undergraduate degrees.
… most prominent types of colleges and universities in … United States and … Canada include community colleges, state or provincial universities, liberal arts colleges, professional schools, military academies, and proprietary institutions. Other types include technical colleges, agricultural colleges, teachers' colleges, and colleges affiliated with … religions.
Общественные колледжи
Общественные колледжи обычно предлагают первые два года общей базовой университетской подготовки. Большинство из них также предлагают образовательные программы для взрослых, профессиональное и техническое образование. Общественные колледжи присваивают специальные ученые степени за успешное завершение большинства двухгодичных программ. Многие студенты получают первые два года университетского образования в общественных колледжах, а затем переводятся в колледжи с четырехлетней программой обучения. Другие студенты общественных колледжей продолжают заниматься по программам профессиональной, технической и предпрофессиональной подготовки. Многим студентам выгодно учиться в общественных колледжах, так как плата за обучение в них ниже, чем в колледжах и университетах с четырехлетним сроком обучения.
Public Colleges and Universities
Aside from a few four-year colleges supported by municipal governments or the federal government, most public colleges and universities in the United States are state institutions. In most cases, state boards of higher education provide funds for these schools and oversee their programs of instruction. Most state governments establish systems of higher education, such as the State University of New York System or the University of California System, which comprise groups of interconnected college or university campuses.
Federally supported higher education in the United States is mainly associated with branches of the armed services. Federal military colleges provide comprehensive undergraduate programs in addition to defense training for prospective military officers.
In Canada, provincial governments establish boards of higher education responsible for allocating funds to provincial universities and overseeing their programs of instruction. In addition, the federal and provincial governments provide substantial funds for all institutions of higher education, including private colleges and universities. This public funding dramatically reduces costs for students.
Independent Colleges and Universities
Independent colleges and universities are private, nonprofit institutions. Many independent colleges and universities originated as church-related institutions, although a majority of these are no longer affiliated with religious groups. The most common independent colleges and universities include (1) liberal arts institutions that offer comprehensive undergraduate education, (2) technical or specialized institutions that prepare students in engineering, performing arts, music, nursing and other fields, and (3) large universities that include undergraduate programs in addition to graduate and professional schools.
Graduate and Professional Schools
Professional schools are typically divisions of large universities. They offer specialized education in a variety of professional fields, such as education, business, medicine, law, social work, agriculture, journalism, architecture, fine arts, nursing, engineering, and music. Some professional schools offer four- or five-year programs leading to a bachelor's degree, as well as graduate programs leading to master's and doctoral degrees. Other professional schools—such as schools of medicine, law, and library science—usually offer only graduate study. For example, Harvard University offers undergraduate courses related to the study of law, but the Harvard Law School offers courses for study in professional degree programs. Many large universities include graduate schools that offer master’s or doctoral degree programs for advanced study in such liberal arts and science fields as history, chemistry, physics, and literature.
Proprietary Institutions
Proprietary institutions are private, for-profit, postsecondary institutions. They generally focus on preparing students for specialized careers in fields such as business, performing arts, commercial art, travel, music, fine arts, computer technology, and electronics. (Microsoft® Encarta®
11. Gender Issues.
WHERE WOMEN RULE
Eleni Kotta, 33, is blonde and cheerful. “Here”, she says, “it’s not the boys who propose. They wait to be asked. Like objects”. “Here” is Trikeri, a Greek village of 2.000 perched on a rock at the tip of a peninsula in the Aegean Sea. For centuries, people say, the Earth here has spawned the seamen, who go out to fish or ship out on cargo vessels, far across the ocean. So, in this closed society, bound by traditions, it is women who have the last word. “They are the queen of the village,” says Kotta, with a gleam in her eyes.
The women in Trikeri are anything but striking. The old women, like mysterious silhouettes, stiffly wend their way along the mule paths that pass for streets. They go to cook their bread and pastry at the baker’s oven. They sit crocheting in the shade of a terrace, or scrub laundry in old tubs. The young women with “Dallas” style hair-dos, spend their time chatting, first at one house and then at another, or at a cafe, with lazy expressions and childish giggles.
They do not make much of an impression, but they decide everything: the children’s education, housework, the purchase of land, the family budget. And they decide on the unwritten laws that have always governed Trikeri. The men come home from the sea after weeks or months with armloads of gifts. They rest or drink tsipouro (a powerful liqueur) at the bar, and the women spoil them until they go to sea again. No one would dream of changing the division of roles. This system, formerly wide-spread in the Aegean, has been lost to modernity except in Trikeri, where people have always been wary of strangers.
The social system in Trikeri is “matrilocal”. A marriage or even an engagement means that the man goes to live with the woman, and it is the girls who inherit land and houses. The family has to own or to build as many roofs as there are female children. The boys inherit the boats. But the boat does not last – the land is eternal. And it is the maternal family that serves as a nest for infants and provides a social framework for the husband.
Men are not scorned in Trikeri – far from it. They play an economic and symbolic role. It is the father who gives his daughter away in marriage. But it is the mother who chooses the groom. Even community affairs, theoretically handled by men, are not settled without the women.
“The men exist to work and bring money. It’ a system we like,” Kotta says. Boys are raised with only that goal in view, and they go to sea when they are eight or ten years old. Since 1988, Trikeri has had a school where boys can study to become seamen, but with higher qualifications.
The girls are raised at first like boys, just as free. But when the girls are four or five years old, their grandmothers and mothers begin preparing their trousseaus. At the age of twelve the girls leave school. Not long ago, they were kept at home and put to work embroidering. That is less common today. If they show talent they can go to high school. But many of them, like many boys, prefer to stop after elementary school.
Elena Piscopia, an Italian mathematician and the first woman in the world to achieve a University doctorate at the University of Padua.[54]
The treatment of women has changed dramatically in Italy over the ages. Women in Ancient Rome who were nobles were citizens, but could not run for political office or vote.[55] Down to the 1950s and 60s, women had far fewer rights than men, since Italian society until the mid-20th century was mainly patriarchal. There were some distinguished women in Italy before the fifties, such as Elena Piscopia (the world's first female laureate), Maria Gaetana Agnesi (scholar, mathematician and philosopher) and Maria Montessori (educator), but women in Italy were rarely well-educated and were typically housewives,[56] or nuns. Today Italian women have rights equal with men, and enjoy employment, business, and educational opportunities. However, the attitude towards equality also varies depending on the region; the south is often more traditional, thus more patriarchal. It is also important to consider that in 2010, Italy's ranking in the Global Gender Gap Report worsened further from 72 in 2009 to 74 in 2010, compared to for example, Nordic countries at the top, the United States at 19, France at 46, and China at 61.[57]