1. The locals could not put up with the visitors from the city.
2. The decline was brought about by cheap imports.
3. The university is thinking about installing CCTV.
4. Sales are likely to drop off in the third quarter.
5. He went on speaking for over an hour.
6. The meeting was put off until December.
7. The cinema was pulled down ten years ago.
8. People have cut down on their consumption of beef.
| Exercise 4. Which of the two alternatives in bold do you think is more appropriate in academic writing? |
1. The government has made considerable / great progress in solving the problem.
2. We got / obtained excellent results in the experiment.
3. The results of lots of / numerous tests have been pretty good / encouraging.
4. A loss of jobs is one of the consequences / things that will happen if
the process is automated.
5. The relationship between the management and workers is extremely / really important.
6. Some suggestions springing up from / arising from the study will be presented.
Exercise 5. Use a more formal word or phrase to replace those in bold.
1. The reaction of the officials was sort of negative.
2. The economic outlook is nice.
3. Car manufacturers are planning a get together to discuss their strategy.
4. The resulting competition between countries is good.
5. The economy is affected by things that happen outside the country.
6. She was given the sack because of her poor record.
7. The examination results were super.
| Exercise 6. Match the word in bold type to its definition in a, b, or c. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
1. The argument developed in this paper balances the idea that numerical analysis underpins the most powerful research paradigms.
Balance
a) to create or preserve a good or correct balance between different features or aspects;
b) to put something somewhere carefully so that it is steady and does not fall;
c) to reduce the effect, strength, or amount of something, and as a result make it better.
Underpin
a) to make something or someone become gradually less effective, confident, or successful;
b) to support something such as a wall by putting a strong piece of metal or concrete under it;
c) to be an important basic part of something, allowing it to succeed or continue to exist.
Paradigm
a) a typical example or model of something;
b) a set of ideas that are used for understanding or explaining something, especially in a particular subject;
c) the complete set of the different forms of a word.
2. There is little doubt that the technology has been honed through "mathematisation".
Hone
a) to give all your attention to something;
b) to make the blade of a knife sharp by rubbing it on a special stone;
c) to improve a skill or talent that is already well developed.
3. They are especially potent in describing the rather tightly defined variables and relationships in the physical world.
Potent
a) powerful or effective;
b) something (such as a drug or wine) has a strong effect;
c) somebody has the physical ability to have sex.
4. A story, especially when told with a little bit of feeling and enthusiasm,
is much more powerful than any formal treatise on personal virtues of the staff.
Treatise
a) an official written agreement between two or more countries;
b) the way in which a subject is dealt with;
c) a serious book or piece of writing about a particular subject.
5. Methods that do not use mathematical or statistical research are sometimes seen as being soft or inferior, i. e. not being that powerful or reliable or even valid.
Soft
a) not stiff / firm / rough, gentle / pleasant;
b) not strong, weak, inferior;
c) not difficult, complicated or needing a lot of effort.
| Exercise 7. The following terms are part of the academic language of science, yet are not specific to science. Try to explain the meaning of these terms in English or, if cannot, just translate the words into Russian and memorize them. | ||||||
| achieve acquisition analysis approach area assessment assume authority available benefit | circumstance consistent corresponding deduction demonstrate derive equation estimate evaluation features | initial instance interpretation maintenance perceive previous primary procedure process range | relevant required research response select significant similar theory transfer variables | ||||
| Exercise 8. Complete the text with the suitable word from Academic Word List*. | ||||||
| a) maintaining; b) experience; c) underconfident; d) overstate; e) particular; f) aspects; g) achieving; h) authority; i) arguments; j) evidence |
Many students struggle with what is meant by "academic style" and how to write that way when they're feeling 1)… about their authority to present 2)…. There is plenty of 3)… in making a strong argument based on sound 4)…,
no matter your level of 5)…. On the other hand, particularly if you are new to
a discipline or 6)… topic, you will not want to sound overly confident or 7)… the importance of your claims to the wider field. Finally, one of the most important 8)… of academic style is 9)… a balance between using more formal language and 10)… some sense of your own "voice" within the academic register.
* The Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of the words most used in academic writing across all specialties (science, law, medicine, economics etc.). The AWL 570 words are divided into 10 Groups. The Groups are ordered such that the words in the first Group are the most frequent words and those in
the last Group are the least frequent (see page).
Exercise 9. For more practice of academic vocabulary go to https://www.examenglish.com/vocabulary/academic_wordlist.html
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