There are a number of views about what constitutes successful verbal communication. One area to consider is the people involved in a conversation, but there are cultural restrictions on coming to a conclusion about this: "A good conversation partner tends to empathize with others, being sufficiently aware to jointly create a conversation" (Lo Castro, 1987, p. 105).
First of all, we need to consider what is meant by "to empathize with others" in Lo Castro's context.
A quotation of 40 words or more
Various measures are already taken to reduce city-centre congestion, but these alone may have little noticeable impact:
Sophisticated traffic management systems can increase efficiency in the use of road spaces and the number of vehicles using road systems without congestion. But, increasingly, even if the incorporation of these advances was accelerated, it is seen as insufficient as the sheer volume of cars, trucks and other motorized vehicles overwhelms cities (Newman, 1999).
Alternative approaches include initiatives aimed at reducing dependence on vehicle transport.
A direct quotation within a direct quotation
As stated by Adams (1999), "internationally, the dominant definition of sustainable development has undoubtedly been that of the Brundtland Report: "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (Brundtland, 1987, p. 45)".
Paraphrasing or summarizing
Summarize or paraphrase the writer's ideas and put the author's surname and date of publication in brackets at the end of the sentence.
Since the cultural values of any society have an effect on how the people of that culture interact, sociocultural norms determine linguistic production,
as well as limit how it is produced (Gumperz, 1989).
Refer directly to the author in the text and put the publication date in brackets.
According to Gumperz (1989), since the cultural values of any society have an effect on how the people of that culture interact, sociocultural norms determine linguistic production, as well as limit how it is produced. Cottrell (2008) states that...
Refer to the author directly and put his/her surname and the publication date in brackets at the end of the sentence.
According to Cottrell, there are seven approaches to learning which can make it more productive (Cottrell, 2008).
Internet sources
As with printed sources, when referencing an Internet source within a text, you need the author's surname and date. In this case, the date used refers to when the website was most recently updated. In some cases, the information may have been put up by an organization, with no single author's name. If this is the case, you should include the name of the organization within your written text, i. e. organization and date. You should not include the website address in your main text; this goes in the bibliography.
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The UK Government view on the use of natural resources is that it is possible to continue using them, but at the same time the development of alternative sources such as renewable energy should be considered (UK Government, 2003).
| Exercise 9. Discuss the following statement with a partner. Think of reasons why this is good advice and list them below. |
If you cannot find either an author or source on the website, you should not use it in your work. You should also check when the source was most recently updated.
| Exercise 10. Read the text below and uncover the ways of avoiding plagiarism. |
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the presentation of another person's work, ideas, or creations as your own, without acknowledging where those ideas came from. In other words – you take credit for someone else's work. In academic writing, this is
the same as cheating on an exam.
Specifically, plagiarism is:
• copying phrases and passages word-for-word without quotation marks and without a reference to the author; this includes but is not limited to books, journals, reports, theses, websites, conference papers and course notes;
• paraphrasing an author's work and presenting it without a reference;
this includes but is not limited to sentences, paragraphs, ideas and themes;
• copying any part of another students' work;
• submitting items of assessment that are written in conjunction with other students (without prior permission of the relevant staff member);
• submitting a piece of work has already been submitted for assessment in another course;
• presenting other people's designs and images as your own work;
• submitting work as your own that someone else has done for you.
If you have used someone else's work without acknowledging your source, you have plagiarised.
Plagiarism can sometimes be the result of poor note-taking, or paraphrasing without properly citing the reference.
| Exercise 11. Scan the text to answer the questions. |
1. If the ideas are put into the writer's own words, is it still necessary to clog up the pages with all those names and numbers?
2. If the writer of a scientific paper didn't know anything about the subject until he/she started this paper, is it required to give an acknowledgement for every point he/she makes?
3. How can what's the writer's own idea and what has come from somebody else be told in a scientific paper?
4. What exactly should be documented?
| Exercise 12. Complete the instruction with the words from the box. |
| · bibliography · paraphrase · parenthetical · plagiarizing · citing · research · quotation |
How do you avoid …?
ü Give the author of the material credit by "documenting" or "…" your sources.
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ü Give credit whenever you use a direct quote by placing it in … marks and giving the author credit.
ü Give credit when you … (write in a different way) a thought, idea,
or words within the … paper and at the end of the paper in the ….
ü Give credit within a research paper through footnotes or … remarks.
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| Exercise 13. Fill in the prompts inserting the only possible word in each space. |
When you use the exact words, ideas or images of another person, you are … the author. If you do not use … marks around the original author's direct words and … the reference you are ….
… is when you take someone else's concepts and put them into your own words without changing the original meaning. Even though you are not using the same words you still need to state where the concepts came from.
Poor … can lead to plagiarism.
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| Exercise 14. Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary. |
Cheating and Plagiarism
Students are responsible for familiarizing themselves with the University Code of Student Conduct, as on enrollment with the University the student has placed themselves under the policies and regulations of the University and all of its duly constituted bodies. Disciplinary authority is exercised through the Student Conduct Committee. The Committee has procedures in place for hearing allegations of misconduct. Copies of the student conduct code are available at the Student Services Office.
Academic dishonesty is never condoned by the University. This includes cheating and plagiarism, which violate the Student Conduct Code and could result in expulsion or failing the course.
Cheating includes but is not limited to obtaining or giving unauthorized help during an examination, getting unauthorized information about the contents of an examination before it is administered, using unauthorized sources of information during an examination, altering or falsifying the record of any grades, altering or supplying answers after an examination has been handed in, falsifying any official University record, and misrepresenting the facts to get exemptions from or extensions to course requirements.
Plagiarism includes but is not limited to submitting any paper or other document, to satisfy an academic requirement, which has been copied either in whole or in part from someone else's work without identifying that person; failing to identify as a quotation a documented idea that has not been thoroughly assimilated into the student's language and style, or paraphrasing a passage so closely that the reader could be misled as to the source; submitting the same written or oral material in different courses without obtaining authorisation from the lecturers involved; or "dry-labbing", which includes obtaining and using experimental data from fellow students without the express consent of
the lecturer, utilizing experimental data and laboratory write-ups from other parts of the course or from previous terms during which the course was conducted, and fabricating data to fit the expected results.
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| Exercise 15. Decide if the sentences are true, false or the information is missing from the text. |
1. The Student Services Office familiarises students with the student code.
A. True
B. False
C. Not given
2. Cheats will automatically be expelled because their behaviour cannot be condoned.
A. True
B. False
C. Not given
3. The text lists all activities that are considered to be cheating.
A. True
B. False
C. Not given
4. According to the text, cheating is a more serious offence than plagiarism.
A. True
B. False
C. Not given
5. It is never acceptable to paraphrase closely.
A. True
B. False
C. Not given
6. Students can submit the same work in different courses as long as they ask their lecturer and it is not their own.
A. True
B. False
C. Not given
7. If students want to use other students' laboratory data, they must ask them and the lecturer first.
A. True
B. False
C. Not given
8. Data must fit the expected results.
A. True
B. False
C. Not given
| Exercise 16. In academic writing, it is important to comment on ideas from sources you have included in your writing. This helps to integrate the ideas of others into your own work. Follow steps 1–3 to understand the process of integrating ideas into your work. |
Step 1: Read the extract below and underline the writer's comments.
The marked increase in commercial financing of university departments,
as with the oil industry's support for chemical engineering and geology, has led to diminished autonomy among staff (Parkinson & Langley, 2009). It seems that academic researchers are obliged to research areas dictated by the industry concerned – areas which may be different from a researcher's particular interests. Of greater concern perhaps is the example that many engineering departments are funded by the arms industry. Thus, not only are university departments becoming more dependent on industry for funding, with restrictions on the type of research, but a number of departments receive funding from industries that could be seen as ethically unsound.