Law-enforcement in Russian Federation (RF) is the responsibility of a variety of different agencies. The Russian police are the primary law enforcement agency, the Investigative Committee of Russia is the main investigative agency, sometimes described as the "Russian FBI", and the Federal Security Service is the main domestic security agency.
System of law enforcement agencies can be divided into the judiciary (courts) and other law enforcement agencies.
The judicial system includes the Constitutional Court of RF, the federal courts of general jurisdiction, the system of arbitration courts (district judges and constitutional (charter) courts) of the subjects of the RF.
Russian Constitutional Court is a judicial body of constitutional control. Its main purpose is the protection of the constitutional order, fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens on the whole territory of the RF.
The Internal troops deal with large-scale riots and internal armed conflicts. Federal Service of Punishment Execution is responsible for the penal correction and prison system in Russian Federation.
The Federal Border Guard Service is responsible for border protection. The Federal Migration Service is responsible for immigration, etc. All these functions are interrelated and complementary.
law-enforcement agencies — правоохранительные органы
Investigative Committee — следственный комитет
Federal Security Service — Федеральная служба безопасности
courts of general jurisdiction — суды общей юрисдикции
protection of the constitutional order — защита конституционного порядка
judicial body of constitutional control — судебный орган конституционного контроля
riot – бунт, восстание
penal correction — уголовное исправление
border protection — защити границ
interrelated — взаимосвязанный
complementary — взаимодополняющие друг друга
A law enforcement agency in the USA (LEA) is a government agency responsible for the enforcement of the laws.
In North America, some of these services are called police, others are known as sheriff's offices/departments, while investigative police services in the United States are often called bureaus, for example the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Policing in the United States is conducted by federal, state, local and city departments. Every state has its own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and funding vary from state to state.
At the federal level, there exist both federal police, who possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code (U.S.C.), and federal law enforcement agencies, who are authorized to enforce various laws at the federal level (for example, the FBI Police).
Most states operate statewide government agencies that provide law enforcement duties, including investigations and state patrols. They may be called state police or highway patrol, and are normally part of the state Department of Public Safety.
County, also known as parishes and boroughs, county law enforcement is provided by sheriffs' departments or offices and county police.
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organized separately in each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom: England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Most law enforcement is carried out by police officers serving in regional police services within one of those jurisdictions. These regional services are complemented by UK-wide agencies, such as the National Crime Agency, and specialist bodies hosted by regional police forces, such as the Specialist Operations directorate of the Metropolitan Police.
There are three general types of law enforcement agency in the United Kingdom, the first is mostly concerned with policing the general public and their activities and the others are concerned with policing of more specific matters.
Territorial police services, which carry out the majority of policing. There are 45 territorial police services as of 2013 that cover a police area (a particular region) and have an independent police authority (England and Wales) or local authority or joint police board (Scotland). The police service in England and Wales is done by the police and crime prevention commissioners who are elected every four years. Some territorial police services host specialist bodies that operate in more than one area of the United Kingdom, such the Specialist Operations directorate of the Metropolitan Police.
National law enforcement agencies, including the National Crime Agency and British Transport Police. The Serious Organized Crime refers to these as "special police forces". The National Crime Agency operates across the United Kingdom against organized crime and acts as the UK point of contact for foreign agencies. There are also non-police law enforcement agencies, whose officers, while not police constables, enforce laws.
Miscellaneous police services have a responsibility to police specific local areas or activities, such as ports and parks were often referred to as "special police services"; These constabularies can still be the subject of statutes applicable to, for example, docks, harbours or railways.
Exercise 1. Insert to be or to have in the appropriate form; translate the sentences into Russian:
1. His father … a well-known lawyer.
2. How old... you?
3. We... students of Moscow State Law University.
4.... you got any textbooks on criminal law?
5. We do not... special courts for trying juveniles.
6. Under the law every citizen... the right to elect and be elected.
7. An accused person... the right to be defended by barristers.
8. I... very busy today. I... a lot of work to do.
9.... you a lawyer? No, I... a student of law faculty.
10. Police... a wide range of activity. First of all they... to see to it that all citizens observe laws.
11. The witnesses... being examined at the moment.
12. The most common sentences in Britain... fines, prison and probation.
13. In the UK offenders between 10 and 17... tried by special juvenile courts.
14. Jurors... to listen to witnesses for the defence and prosecution before deciding whether the accused... guilty or innocent.
15. Magistrates... not legally qualified, i.e. they... laypersons.
16. Your solicitor will... to hire a barrister to argue your case before the court.
17. Mr. Taylor... no proof that she... guilty of the theft of confidential documents.
18. The judge... just finished summing up the case.
19. After the jury... heard the evidence they retired to deliberate on the verdict.
20. When all the evidence... in, the jury retires to the jury-room to consider the verdict.
21. In Great Britain a child does not... full legal status until the age of 18.
22. A child who... less than 10 years old... not considered capable of committing a crime.
Exercise 2. Open the brackets choosing the correct form of the verb to be, translate the sentences into Russian:
1. There (to be) situations where it is felt that the trial judge made a mistake in the application of law.
2. There (to be) a rule that the defence can make an opening speech only if it is going to call the defendant and at least one other witness to give evidence as to what happened.
3. There (to be) an arbitration service for small claims available in the county court.
4. In most countries there (to be) only one legal profession.
5. One principle of English contract law (to be) that there must be an offer and an acceptance in the contract. In every valid contract there must also be an exchange of consideration.
6. There (to be) special rules of interpreting contracts in which one or more contractors made a mistake or were pressed or tricked into making an agreement. There (to be) also rules for dealing with illegal contracts.
7. There (to be) no need to apply for or to register copyright.
8. There (to be) basic minimum standards of freedom and security for all.
9. There (to be) three kinds of judges of the Crown Court: High Court judges, Circuit judges and recorders.
10. There (to be) solicitors’ offices in all of the major cities and towns. There (to be) no firms of barristers, each individual is economically independent.
11. There (to be) a cardinal distinction between judiciary and statute law in the way it is interpreted.
12. In the USA there (to be) no Ministry of Justice or any other department, which controls the legal profession.
13. There (to be) three elements designating Mens Rea: intention, recklessness and strict liability.
14. There (to be) many important differences between torts and criminal wrongs.
15. There (to be) no risk that you will be sent to prison if you don’t move out of your home before your landlord goes to court.
16. There (to be) 89 subjects of the Federation with more than 150 nationalities in this country.