Read and translate the text. 3. Make collocations

COURTS AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL
1.1. The Constitutional Court.
This is the highest judicial body in the Russian Federation. It is made up
of 19 judges, proposed by the President of the Russian Federation andapproved by the Federation Council. Since June 2008 the ConstitutionalCourt has been located in St Petersburg.
The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to interpret the RFConstitution; to decide whether a federal law is consistent with the country’sConstitution; and to adjudicate whether or not laws regulations andnormative acts passed by the President of the Russian Federation, theCouncil of the Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the RussianFederation, constitutions of republics, charters and other normative acts ofthe subjects of Russian Federation are consistent with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Courts of General Jurisdiction.
1.2. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
This is the supreme judicial body for all courts of general jurisdiction on
civil, criminal and administrative matters. Today the Supreme Courtconsists of 123 judges. Judges for the Supreme Court are proposed by thePresident of the Russian Federation and approved by the upper house of thelegislature, the Federation Council. The Supreme Court is located inMoscow.
It has jurisdiction as a court of cassation, i.e. it is the highest court ofappeal in the land. It is a court of supervisory instance over the courts of thesubjects of the Russian Federation and over the tier of district courts belowthat level. There are three chambers in the structure of the Supreme Courtof the Russian Federation: Judicial Chamber on Civil Cases; JudicialChamber on Criminal Cases; and Military Chamber.
The Plenary Session of the Supreme Court can issue regulations. Regulations are abstractopinions but legally binding on all lower courts. They summarize the
judicial practice of lower courts and explain how a particular provision ofthe law shall be applied. They also explain how the law shall be interpreted.

1.3. Military Courts.
The basic tier of military courts is the military courts of the armed forces,
fleets, garrisons and separate military forces. The middle tier consists of military courts of the branches of the armed forces, theseven Military Districts into which the country is divided, and the districtsof anti-aircraft defense, navy and individual armies. They consider disputesinvolving military personnel. Three-tiered system of the military courts is anintegral part of Courts of General Jurisdiction.

Arbitration Courts.
Arbitration courts form a system with jurisdiction over economicdisputes that, as a rule, arise between companies and individualentrepreneurs, both Russian and foreign.
1.4. The Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation.
Judges for the Higher Arbitration Court are proposed by the President ofthe Russian Federation and approved bythe Federation Council.It exercises original jurisdiction over disputes between the Russiangovernment and commercial parties, the government and subjects of theRussian Federation, or between subjects of the Russian Federation.The Plenary Session of the Higher Arbitration Court can also issueRegulations.

2. Correct wrong statements according to the text:

1. The present Russian judicial system follows the structure of courts ofthe USA.
2. The Higher Arbitration Court acts only as a court of original jurisdiction.
3. The Supreme Court is the supreme judicial body for all courts ofgeneral jurisdiction on civil, criminal and administrative matters.
4. The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to interpret the RFConstitution; to decide whether a federal law is consistent with the country’sConstitution; and to adjudicate whether or not laws and regulations passedby the Republics and Regions of the Russian Federation are consistent withthe RF Constitution.
5. The Plenary Session of the Supreme Court can issue laws.
6. Military Courts consider disputes involving military personnel.
7. There are two chambers in the structure of the Supreme Court of the
Russian Federation: Judicial Chamber on Civil Cases and Judicial Chamber
on Criminal Cases.
8. Regulations are abstract opinions (not decisions in exact disputes) but
legally binding on all lower courts.
9. Judges for all courts are approved by the State Duma.
10. The judicial system of the Russian Federation consists of courts at
the federal level and regional courts.

3. Make collocations: