Write down the words used in the text to denote types of laws and orders.

_____________ ______________

_____________ ______________

_____________ ______________

5. Answer the questions:

1. How are judges appointed to all federal courts?
2. What is the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court?
3. What is the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
4. What is the jurisdiction of Military Courts?
5. What is the jurisdiction of the Higher Arbitration Court?
6. What is the extra duty of the Supreme Court and the Higher Arbitration
Court?

Find and underline all the examples of the Present Simple Passive in the text.

7. Раскройте скобки и выберите правильную форму глагола.
1. Laws (codified, were codified) in many countries.
2. Laws (are enforced, enforced), and such enforcement usually (carries out, is carried out) by the state.
3. A defendant (refuses, refused) to obey law, so he (is punished, was
punished).
4. Law (has, have) several aims which (concern, are concerned) mainly
with making society more stable.
5. If people (disobey, are disobeyed) the rules the law (threatens, is threatened) them with something unpleasant — often called a sanction.
6. In England there (is, are) a rule that a man must not wear a hat in church
or that one must stand up when “God Save the Queen”(plays, is played).

8. Read and translate the text.

REGIONAL COURTS

2.1. Constitutional Courts (or Charter Courts) of the Subjects of the
Russian Federation with the jurisdiction to interpret Regional Constitutions
and Charters decide whether local statutes are consistent with Regional
Constitutions and Charters.

Courts of General Jurisdiction.
2.2. Courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation.
These include the Supreme Courts of the Republics, the highest Courtsof each Region, the Moscow and Saint-Petersburg City Courts, and thecourts of autonomous districts. Courts of the subjects of the RussianFederation serve as courts of cassation and extraordinary appeal from theirsubordinate district courts. Their original jurisdiction constitutes challengesto normative laws and regulations of the regional authorities, and adoptionof regulations.
2.3. There are district courts located in the country’s smaller townsand rural administrative areas including groups of villages; cities haveseveral courts of that kind. District courts are the basis of the system ofcourts of general jurisdiction, with jurisdiction over the overwhelmingmajority of civil and criminal cases, unless otherwise provided by law.As courts of appeal, district courts decide appeals from justices of thepeace.
2.4. Justices of the peace form an integral part of the system of courts ofgeneral jurisdiction, although they are considered to be regional judges.They handle minor civil disputes, petty administrative and criminaloffences. Appeals against decisions of justices of the peace go to districtcourts, the decisions of which are final. In each district there may be several justices of the peace.

Arbitration Courts.
2.5. Ten Federal District Arbitration Courts act as courts of cassation.
2.6. The Appellate Courts consider appeals as a rehearing with newevidence.
2.7. The Arbitration Courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation c onsider the absolute majority of economic disputes.

9. Match the courts with their functions:

10. Make collocations:

11. Answer the questions:

1. What is the jurisdiction of Constitutional Courts (or Charter Courts)of the Subjects of the Russian Federation?
2. What courts does the three-tiered system of courts of generaljurisdiction at the regional level consist of?
3. What disputes do courts of the subjects of the Russian Federationconsider?
4. What disputes do district courts consider?
5. What disputes do justices of the peace deal with?
6. What courts does the system of arbitration courts at the regional levelconsist of? What are the jurisdictions of all?

12. Fill in the gaps in the scheme below:

13. Read the sentences, explain the meaning of the modal verbs can/could, must, to have to, may/might, should and translate the sentences into Russian:
1. The laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation cannot contradict
federal laws.
2. Bills may be introduced by individual MPs, they are debated in the
Commons usually on Fridays.
3. To become a law a bill must be approved by both chambers and signed
by the President.
4. The President can veto a bill.
5. Can the state system of a particular country be changed?
6. The House of Representatives can also impeach the President.
7. The Monarch must give the Royal Assent before a Bill can become a
legal enactment (Act of Parliament).
8. The British are divided on the issue whether the Monarchy should
last.
9. The Speaker of the House of Commons has to be completely
impartial.
10. You should do your best to learn legal terminology.

14. Fill in the gaps the appropriate modal verbs.
1. Do you believe all people, including high-ranking officials, … obey
the law?
2. An unwritten Constitution … be easily changed.
3. What courses of law … be included for advanced students?
4. Parliament … not follow a special procedure to alter any constitutional laws.
5. General election … be called within five years.
6. Who … veto a bill?
7. The US President appoints the justices, but the Senate … approve
them.
8. The law … not contradict the Constitution.
9. The government really … do something about unemployment.
10. In a civil case a claimant … prove the guilt of a defendant “beyond
reasonable doubt”.
11. Why … trade secret not be disclosed?

15. Fill in the gaps the appropriate modal verbs:
1. — … I take the document?
— No, you....
2. —... you work as a detective?
— Not yet.
3. She believes that the judge... discharge him.
4. You... tell him that we need his assistance.
5. The investigator was very tired, he... to stop the cross-examination.
6. The witness... answer the barrister’s questions during the cross-examination.