Machines employed for road making can be classified according to their purpose as follows:
1. Transporting facilities – crawler and wheel-mounted tractors, trucks, general and special purpose trailers and semitrailers.
2. Materials handling equipment – winches, cranes, hoists, conveyors, air-operated equipment, cableways, loading and unloading machines.
3. Machines for land clearing and earthwork – stumpers, brush cutters, rippers, bulldozers, scrapers, elevating graders, towed and self-powered graders, revolving shovels, hydraulicking equipment and compactors.
4. Machines for extracting and processing stone materials – boring equipment, stone crushers and mills, sizing, washing and separating machines.
5. Machines for preparing and placing concrete mixes – batchers, mixers, concrete mix delivery facilities, reinforcement producing machines, vibrators, and vacuum plants.
6. Machines for laying asphalt-concrete and stabilized pavements – bitumen storage equipment, machines for spreading stone and binding materials, for preparing asphalt-concrete mixes, for placing and compacting asphalt-concrete for on-site-mix road construction and for soil stabilization.
7. Machines for laying cement-concrete pavements – machines for laying foundations and spreading cement-concrete, for compacting, vacuum treatment and finishing concrete pavements, and machines for the manufacture of reinforced-concrete slabs.
8. Machines for motor-road maintenance – sweepers, water-trucks, snow and ice sweepers, repair trucks.
9. Pile driving machinery – pile hammers, vibration drivers, pile pullers, pile driving frames.
10. Mechanized construction tools – electrical, pneumatic, and tools with internal-combustion engines – form a separate group.
All of the above machines can be classified by:
1. The working process:
continuous-action, intermitten-action;
2. The prime move:
driven by electric motors, driven by internal combustion engines;
3. The mobility:
stationary, mobile;
4. Common parts:
wheels and axles, gears, bearings, transmission, brakes, clutch, etc.
IVСЕМЕСТР
Контрольное задание № 2
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:
1. Функции слова THAT
2. Функции глагола to HAVE
3. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видо-временных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.
4. Простые неличные формы глагола(Инфинитив).
| 1. His scientific work is much spoken about. | О его научной работе много говорят. |
| is spoken – Present Indefinite Passive | |
| 2. The main question has already been discussed. | Главный вопрос уже обсудили. |
| has been discussed – Present Perfect Passive |
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. I)
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец).Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. When much material had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.
2. Electric cars will be widely used in future.
3. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies.
4. This lecturer is listened to with great interest.
II. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива
1. It is necessary for a modern specialist to know a foreign language.
2. The Soviet science was the first to make great contribution to the development of space technology.
3. Our idea was to design a new device for automatic control.
4. The new method to be introduced at our plant will boost labour productivity.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to HAVE
1. You have to come to the language laboratory of the Institute to work at your pronunciation.
2. Scientists had to create new materials for industry.
3. At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.
5. He has repaired the engine.
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения THAT
1. The properties of gold are different from those of iron.
2. The professor that lectures on mechanics is the dean of our faculty
3. The fact is that they haven’t calculated the speed of the car.
4. The research on solar radiation as well as that of the earth's magnetic field became possible due to sputniks.
V. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст
The model “ T ”
The most interesting technical features of the model “ T ”were in the ignition and transmission. Ignition was by means of а simple form of flywheel magneto.
The revolutionary transmission system of the model 'T' was the work of Ford's own designers, It consisted of а simple and robust two-speed gearbox without the conventional clutch — made possible by the low maximum speed, power, and engine rpm of 1,500 — which Ford had wisely insisted upon to ensure long engine life. The gear change was by foot pedal and quite foolproof.
It will be appreciated, therefore, that to drive the model 'T' а number of unusual operations were necessary. These were the direct result оf Henry Ford's policy оf simplification and rationalization, but they were easy. These manoeuvres were, in fact, to become а matter of habit to the millions of Americans owning а 'Lizzie ', most of whom had no previous experience of driving more conventional cars.
To drive off in а model 'T' — once the engine was started — one had to press lightly on the gear pedal to disengage the transmission. It was then possible to release the handbrake, working on the rear wheels, the last few degrees оf movement holding the 'clutch' out. With the car accelerating, gentle pressure on the gear pedal engaged top gear. Stopping the model 'T' was easier. The brake pedal was pushed and, at the same time, the handbrake applied, which also disengaged the transmission. There were two other ways of braking, to be used only in emergency, the first was to press on the brake and gear-change pedals simultaneously, thus also engaging first gear. For even fiercer braking one pressed simultaneously the brake pedal and а third pedal, which engaged reverse gear.
VI. Ответьте письменно на вопрос:
What can you say about the transmission of the model “T”?
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык
1 When much had been done in the study of ecology by our institute it became an important scientific centre.
2. A curriculum of the new type of secondary school is offered by the Ministry of Education.
3. The research of planets will be developed with the help of cosmic apparatus.
4. This material is unaffected by solar radiation.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива
1. The teacher told her students to learn the poem by heart.
2. The Soviet Union was the first country to send man into space.
3. Scientific discoveries to be practically applied in industry and agriculture are paid special attention to.
4. To translate a sentence is to discover its meaning.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to HAVE
1. Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun.
2. These computers will have to perform millions of operations per second.
3. Soon our industry will have new and cheap sources of energy.
4. Of late years the production of plastics has greatly increased.
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова THAT
1. The question that was discussed at the meeting yesterday is of great importance.
2. The work of the new device is much more efficient than that of the old one.
3. It is known that the knowledge of general engineering subjects is the basis for the study of special subjects.
4. Water is one of the few substances that man knows.
V. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст