In 1860 Etienne Lenoir built an internal combustion engine which ran on city gas. This engine used the explosion of a mixture of gas and air inside a cylinder without previously compressing it. Lenoir ΄s engine applied a method of transmitting piston motion to the crankshaft and the mixture, which was introduced by means of slide valve gear, was electrically ignited by a Ruhmkorff coil (индукционная катушка). Engine was mainly used for the mechanization of machine tools in workshops and in 1862 it was installed in a wheeled vehicle.
In this same period, Nikolaus Otto began to take an interest in the problems of the internal combustion engine based on the studies of Lenoir. After a series of experiments, he requested a patent from the Prussian government, in 1861, for the use of “a mixture of gas contained in the cylinder of an engine ignited by an electric spark”, making it clear “that this does not concern a combination of gas and air, but of vapour emanating from a hydrocarbon and from liquids”. The patent was not granted. Nevertheless, Otto persevered in his studies, and after the construction of two unsuccessful engines he was able to enter into a profitable partnership with a German engineer and businessman, Eugen Langen.
First “atmospheric” engines, deriving in1866 from the partnership between Otto and Langen, were uncommonly heavy and noisy, but they displayed many advantages over the Lenoir motor: the fuel consumption, for example, was reduced to exactly one half. Within a few years, however, the characteristics of the Otto-Langen engine had been considerably improved, and a regular series production began in the factories at Deutz, near Cologne. By 1875 over 2,000 Otto-Langen motors had been sold in Europe and many more had been built under license.
VI. Ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
What features had the first “atmospheric” engine?
ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Many 16 storey houses with all modern conveniences are being built in this part of Moscow.
2. The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic fields and cosmic rays.
3. Scientific and engineering progress opens up wide prospects before man.
4. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении
1. They promised to supply us with the necessary equipment.
2. The purpose of this book is to describe certain properties of metals.
3. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.
4. The experiment to be carried out is of great importance for our research.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to HAVE
1. The engineers have to study the problem of using cosmic rays.
2. The book has many diagrams.
3. We have to do this work in time.
4. They have built the bridge recently.
IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слова THAT
1. That the Earth is round was unknown for a long time.
2. The problems of water supply in this city are as important as those of lighting.
3. The simplest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms.
4. The cities that were destroyed during the war were reconstructed.
V. Прочтите и переведите текст
METALS
1. The first metals which were used by primitive men were gold, silver and copper. Iron is the world's most common metal. Metals are mostly solids at ordinary temperature, and have comparatively high melting points with the exception of mercury. They are good conductors of heat and electricity and silver is the best in these respects.
2. Tin entered the metal picture when someone discovered, that if it was mixed with copper, the resulting substance was harder. So there came into being the alloy that we call bronze. This metal is often used for making various ornaments.
3. Copper was used in prehistoric times for making weapons and tools and later was alloyed with tin to form bronze. It was replaced for these purposes by iron and steel. The great development of the electric industries has resulted in such extensive uses of the metal that it now ranks next to iron in importance.
4. The copper alloys are widely employed. The alloying of copper with other elements increases the strength of the metal in some cases and improves the anti-corrosive and anti-friction properties in others.
5. Titanium was unknown before 1791. Titanium is the fourth most abundant structural metal in nature. Ore deposits and beach sands throughout the world contain large quantities of titanium. Titanium is lightweight, strong, corrosion - resistant. It is finding increasing application in many different fields. Engineers often use titanium in construction as it doesn't lose its properties when used in conditions of high temperature.
VI. Ответьте на следующий вопрос: Why are the copper alloys widely employed?
ВАРИАНТ 4
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The radar has been used for the automatic control of ground transport.
2. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals.
3. The construction of the dam has been completed this month.
4. The alloys were experimented upon in our lab.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении
1. То design new buildings is the work of an architect.
2. To measure volumes we must know the dimensions of a body.
3. Our plant was the first to install the automatic equipment.
4. To attain this end careful attention must be given to the selection of cement, aggregate, and water.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to HAVE
1. Students have two exams in January.
2. He had to work hard to pass this exam.
3. Russian researchers have just begun to study this phenomenon.
4. You will have to repeat the material of the lectures before the exam.
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова THAT
1. Not many scientists understood Einstein's discovery at that time.
2. That air and water pollution by industrialization is reaching dangerous levels is realized by everyone.
3. The essential feature of higher education in this country is that it combines theory with practice.
4. The territory of Moscow is larger than that of London.
V. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст
Car of Future.
Ever since Nicolas Cugnot, a Frenchman, invented the first self-propelled road vehicle in 1770 there has been no shortage of companies willing to make a better automobile. Over years their efforts have given users the gasoline engine, the electric starter, tubeless tires, fuel - injected engines and anti-lock brakes, these are only a few innovations. What is next? Here are some examples of what the car designers are working at in the world today.
Engineers are experimenting with a state-of-art system that enables drivers to see better after dark. This "night vision" system uses infrared sensors can detect a human figure at night more than 1,600 feet away. That's five times distance at which conventional headlights are effective. The sensors pick up infrared rays emitted by any object that gives off heat. An image-processing system scans the information from the sensors, creating different images for different objects. The images are then displayed on a cathode - ray screen built-in car's instrumental panel. It is lake black — and - white photograph' of an object ahead. And the system is passive, which means no lights are needed to illuminate the object in front of the vehicle. But the biggest problem will be reducing cost and the other one is the size of the sensor mechanism which is to big now.
One of the latest applications of sophisticated electronics is the wheel -computerized system that not only monitors air pressure in automobile tires but adjusts it automatically. This system in addition enables a driver to set tire pressure while seated. The system developed consists of three separate modules.
VI. Ответьте письменно на вопрос:What arethe "night vision" system?
ВАРИАНТ 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The automatic equipment is being installed in our shop.
2. The construction of this house will be completed in a month.
3. The engineer was asked about the new technology used at the plant.
4. Radioactive isotopes have been made in nuclear reactor.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении.
1. The Russian scientists were the first to construct and launch the space rocket.
2. In order to make interplanetary flights in the future it is necessary to know factors affecting the human organism.
3. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.
4. The problem to be solved is of great importance for our research.
III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to HAVE
1. You have to heat the mixture for two hours.
2. He had to determine the temperature of the air in the container.
3. There are some kinds of cements that have appeared comparatively recently.
4. The University has a five - year course of studies.
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова THAT
1. One must realize that the increasing number of cars brings about considerable pollution of the air.
2. Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.
3. That computers and industrial robots are important for industrial uses is well known to scientists and engineers.
4. This metro station was opened last year, and that one will be put into operation in two years.
V. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст