Тексты для перевода, III семестр

УЧЕБНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Для студентов заочной формы обучения

по дисциплине «Профессиональный иностранный язык»

^{наименование дисциплины (модуля)}

для направления подготовки (специальности) 23.05.01 Наземные транспортно-технологические средства

^{код и наименование направления подготовки (специальности)}

Общая трудоемкость дисциплины (модуля) – 6 зачетных единиц.

Форма текущего контроля в семестре – контрольная работа, устный перевод текстов.

Курсовая работа (курсовой проект) (КР, КП) –нет.

Форма промежуточного контроля в семестре – зачет / экзамен.

Краткое содержание курса

1. Пассивный залог – формы Indefinite Passive (Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2. Функции глаголов to be

3. Функции глаголов to have

3. Функции слова ONE

4.Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.

5. Функции слова THAT

6. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видо-временных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.

7. Простые неличные формы глагола (Инфинитив)

Тексты для чтения и перевода:

1. The History of the Automobile

2. Automobile

3. Different kinds of land transport

4. General Classification of Machines

5. Roads

6. Engine

7. Parts of machinery

8. Scraper

Форма текущего контроля

Контрольные работы

Выполнение контрольных заданий и оформление контрольных работ

Каждое контрольное задание предлагается в пяти вариантах. Вы должны выполнить один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняют вариант № 1; на 3 или 4 - № 2; на 5 или 6 - № 3; на 7 или 8 — №4; на 9 или 0 - № 5.

Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, шифр, предмет, номер контрольной работы

Контрольные работы должны выполняться аккуратно, четким почерком. На левой странице тетради располагается английский текст, параллельно располагается русский перевод. Каждое задание нужно записывать в контрольной работе.

Левая страница	Правая страница
Поля	Английский текст	Русский текст	Поля

Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради по следующему образцу.

III СЕМЕСТР

Контрольное задание № 1

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1. Видо-временные формы глагола: пассивный залог – формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future).Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2. Функции глаголов to be

3. Функции слова ONE

4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия

Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.

The new laboratory equipment was sent foryesterday. Вчера послали	Вчера послали за новым оборудованием для лаборатории.
was sent for -Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to send.
His scientific work is muchspoken about.	О его научной работе много говорят.
is spoken –Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to speak

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. I)

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

1. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature.

2. He was asked many questions at the exams.

3. They will be shown a new film tomorrow.

4. The launching of Sputnik 1was followed by many achievements in science and engineering. II. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции глагола to BE

1. In the Metro people are carried up and down by escalators.

2. This machine is suitable for lifting things.

3. Hewas tomeet him at the station.

III. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слова ONE

1. This metro station was opened last year, and that one will be put into operation in two years

2. One of our teachers will be in London this week.

3. One must take part in scientific work.

4. Our old laboratory equipment was much worse than the new one.

IV. Переведите предложения

1. I think that roads are very important in our life.

2. At every Institute there is a reading hall and a library where the students can take the necessary books.

3. I'll finish my work while you are playing chess.

4. The computer's work is based on principles which are easy to understand.

V. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.

IN TWO CONTINENTS

1. America is a big continent. It has a large territory. The American continent stretches from the Polar Zone to the south, crosses the equator and reaches the fifty sixth parallel.

2. Two huge oceans divide America from other continents of the world. The Atlantic Ocean washes its coasts in the West, the Pacific Ocean washes its coast in the East. Only in one place America comes close to our country. In the Polar Zone a narrow strait, only eighty five kilometres wide, lies between Alaska in America and Chukotka in Russia. It is the Behring Strait. Its right and left banks lie in different continents.

3. The winter in the Polar Zone is very long, cold and dark: it begins at the end of August and ends in June. The water of the Behring Strait freezes: thick masses of ice cover it for nine months. The way across the strait over the ice is not long, natives can cross it easily but they do not do it: man may not step over the border between two different countries.

4. Alaska, a former part of Russia, is rich in gold and minerals. From the year eighteen sixty-seven it belongs to the United States. The distance between the American Alaska and Chukotka is not great: the same ocean washes the coasts of the two countries, the same tundra stretches along the coast line. They do not differ in climate and topography.

VI. Прочитайте 3-й абзац и ответьте письменно на вопрос:

What is the winter like in the Polar Zone?

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. Synthetic rubber products were developed between 1914 and the 1930s.

2. All the work will be done by automatic machinery.

3. When was this University founded?

4. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to BE

1. What is the exact size of the room?

2. They were to erect this bridge 3 years ago.

3. The width of the windows is marked on the working plan.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова ONE

1. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.

2.We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.

3. The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with traditional ones.

4. One should always be careful when he operates this machine-tool.

IV. Переведите предложения

1. If you don’t know some words, you may use a dictionary.

2. Some graduates work in the various branches of industry, while others carry on research work in different research institutes.

3. People learned to draw pictures of the objects around them long before they learned to write.

4. There are a lot of higher schools in Russia where young people can get higher education.

V. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 3 и 4-й абзацы.

THE ANTARCTIC

1. The continent of Antarctica lies at and around the South Pole within the Antarctic circle. It is in the centre of the Earth's southern part on the opposite side of the globe from the areas where most of the population of our planet lives.

2. Antarctica stretches from the South Pole to the 70^th latitude and is twice as large in area as Australia.

3. Twenty million square kilometers of the land mass is thick ice which forms the largest load on the earth's crust; in some places it depresses the continent below sea level. The stormy ocean isolates Antarctica from other lands.

4. In winter the temperature is coldest on earth, sea water freezes and doubles the area of the continent: it brings its border to the 50^th parallel — the latitude of Paris. The summer season lasts for two months - from December to January. When the daily hours of sunshine are longest air temperature rises to 2 or 3 degrees Centigrade above zero. On a clear summer day the icebergs change colour from red to violet and the sea is green but all the rest is white, quite white.

5. A small piece of land free from ice and snow with a lake in its centre lies about 250 miles from the Mirny. The water in the lake is icy cold but the stones around it are quite hot from thesun rays. Because the ice reflects most of the solar heat back into space, ice and snow do not melt, but any object may get hot in the sunshine.

VI. Прочитайте 5-й абзац и ответьте письменно на вопрос: Why do ice and snow not melt?

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. The books were taken from the central library.

2. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.

3. An interesting problem was discussed at the lecture.

4. Becquerel's discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to BE

1. It was a picturesque landscape.

2. This pipe is made of copper.

3. We are to do this work in time.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова ONE

1. One must apply the material that can be machined easily.

2. The problem that has become the most important one is the problem of pollution.

3. One can easily regulate the speed of this machine.

4. This apparatus is more powerful than the one installed in the laboratory.

IV. Переведите предложения

1. If we compare the maps of Moscow and London we can see a similarity between them.

2. The universities provide a wide range of courses for those who want to get higher-level posts in commerce, industry and administration.

3. The first railroad in Russia was the railroad which connected Moscow with St. Petersburg.

4. They learned to make papyrus, which they used especially for writing and for drawing.

V. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2 и 4-й абзацы

CLIMATE

1. In the first place the climate varies according to altitude. On the equator at a height of 8,000 metres it is no warmer than in England at sea level. The highest point is the coldest. The higher we ascend the rarer becomes the atmosphere.

2. Another factor is the effect of ocean currents. Thus the British Isles lie in the way of the warm Golf Stream which tends to raise the temperature of the winter winds and maintain a more or less equal climate all the year round. It is not sufficiently powerful to counteract the full effects of winter but the warm air rising from the Golf Stream surrounds Great Britain and prevents the freezing of the rivers even on the coldest days.

3. The places nearest the sea have the mildest climate. In spite of lying at the same distance from the equator Moscow and London have a different climate: the average temperature in London is higher than that in Moscow.

4. The third factor affecting the climate is topography. Although the hills in the southwestern part of England hardly ever reach one thousand metres over the sea level a great deal of moisture is left there by the wet winds with the effect that rain is reduced in their locality or does not fall at all. Rain clouds often pass over towns on the coast protected by the hills from the west so that such towns instead of having rainy periods enjoy sunshine and fine weather.

5. Finally there are the effects of prevailing winds blowing across the Atlantic and carrying warm air, which keeps the winter climate mild, moist and foggy.

VI. Прочитайте 3-й абзац и ответьте письменно на вопрос:

What places have the mildest climate?

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Today many polymeric materials are produced on a massive scale.

2. New houses are built everywhere: in cities, towns and villages.

3. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.

4. A lot of problems were discussed at the conference.

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to BE

1. The city is 1,000 metres above the sea level.

2. The appearance of our town is changing.

3. They were to go on a business trip.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова ONE

1. One of the most famous buildings in England is St. Paul's Cathedral.

2. One should always inspect the machine tool before he turns it on.

3. The church was designed and built by one and the same man.

4. The wooden wall was later replaced by a brick one.

IV. Переведите предложения

1. I don’t miss my classes because I want to pass my exams successfully.

2. Young people who want to enter higher education must meet several requirements.

3. While the definition "civil engineering" dates back only two centuries, the profession of a civil engineer is as old as civilized life.

4. As time went on the pictures used for technical purposes changed.

V. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы

THE MOON

1.The Moon is the only astronomical body whose distance from the Earth can be measured in thousands of kilometers.

2. Long ago man began to note that the Moon went through several phases and that each phase was followed by another with perfect regularity. The earlier calendars that were offered by ancient astronomers were lunar calendars, each month beginning on new moon.

3. In the Middle Ages it was supposed that the Moon had a smooth crystalline surface like a mirror and that the dark spots on the Moon were accounted for by the fact that the Earth was reflected on its surface. However, with the help of the first little telescope that was turned by Galileo upon the Moon this conception was put an end to as early as 1609. Galileo thought that he saw mountains and valleys, seas and continents on the Moon.

4. To-day the view of the Moon is obtained with the help of a series of automatic lunar stations named "Luna"' launched by the Soviet Union.

5. Having been transmitted by these stations, the photos and panoramas have shown that the surface of the Moon is uneven and rugged, with many hills and cavities like volcanic crators, a few of them measuring some kilometres in diameter. A great number of stones lying on the Moon's surface proved that the lunar ground was firm enough and would not sink if it were stepped on, walked across or put some heavy weight upon.

VI. Прочитайте 5-й абзац и ответьте письменно на вопрос:

What have the photos and panoramas shown?

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. Becquerel's discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.

2. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.

3. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.

4. A lot of problems were discussed at the conference.

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции глагола to BE

1. This pipe is made of copper.

2. The appearance of our town is changing.

3. They were to go on a business trip.

III. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слова ONE

1. One must apply the material that can be machined easily.

2. One should always inspect the machine tool before he turns it on.

3. One can easily regulate the speed of this machine.

4. The wooden wall was later replaced by a brick one.

IV. Переведите предложения

1. If we compare the maps of Moscow and London we can see a similarity between them. 2. Young people who want to enter higher education must meet several requirements.

3. While the definition "civil engineering" dates back only two centuries, the profession of a civil engineer is as old as civilized life.

4. As time went on the pictures used for technical purposes changed.

V. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста

ALUMINIUM

1. Metals have specific metallic lustre. All metals except mercury are hard substances. They can be forged, pulled and melted. In general, they are good conductors of electricity. Aluminium is the typical metal in the third group in the periodic classification of the elements. It has a white colour, does not corrode and is resistant to all inorganic acids except hydrochloric.

2. Aluminium is best known light metal. Constituting 8 percent of the earth's crust, aluminium is the most abundant of the metals as well as one of the hardest to produce. It doesn't occur naturally in metallic form, Aluminium exists only in combination with other elements, primarily oxygen, with which it forms an extremely hard oxide known as alumina. Aluminium alloys can possess the strength of steel, though only a third the weight. Alloys of copper and aluminium which contain from 5 to 10 per cent of the latter are called aluminium bronzes. They have a fine yellow colour resembling gold.

3. In direct contact with a heat source, aluminium is an excellent conductor. It can be remelted over and over. It has a very low density and is used in construction when a metal is required and weight is an important consideration. It is ductile, malleable and can be rolled. Its tensile strength is low in comparison with that of iron.

4. Aluminium has replaced heavier copper in high voltage power line. The uses of aluminium are almost illimitable. It is used in aircraft, automobile, chemical and some other industries.

VI. Ответьте письменно на вопрос: What properties can aluminium alloys possess?

Тексты для перевода, III семестр

Перевод текстов выполняется в устной форме, т.е. письменными переводами пользоваться не разрешается. Можно составить словарь незнакомых слов с переводом. Каждый студент должен сдать чтение и перевод всех текстов.

Тексты для перевода, III семестр

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