Exercise 1. Give the Russian for the following:
Part 1
1) turning into reality the dreams and ideas; 2) the articles of Confederation; 3) after much argument, debate, and compromise; 4) ultimate power; 5) has been repeatedly amended; 6) the Bill of Rights; 7) to meet the changing needs; 8) fundamental rights; 9) freedom of religion, speeches, press, and peaceful assembly; 10) natural, “inalienable” rights; 11) the House of Representatives; 12) for six-year terms of office; 13) to declare war; 14) department of State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, and Veteran Affairs; 15) street and road repairs; 16) driving laws and licenses; 17) drinking laws; 18) laws on owning a gun
Part 2
1) has more than tripled; 2) genetic engineering; 3) airspace research and development; 4) computer and information services; 5) to be faced with intense competition; 6) hi-tech fields; 7) Silicon Valley; 8) farmers account for 14 % of; 9) spirit of enterprise; 10) to vigorously pursue economic interests; 11) part-owner; 12) white-collar jobs; 13) blue-collar worker
Part 3
1) was settled, built and developed by generations of immigrants; 2) ethnic sympathies, national origins, racial groups, and religious affiliations; 3) it would be very misleading; 4) religious loyalties; 5) to proudly acknowledge ethnic roots; 6) to have something in common with smb.; 7) “melting pot”; 8) “salad bowl”; 9) are fused together into something larger; 10) Blacks, Hispanics; 11) general statements; 12) generalizations that can be safely made; 13) incurable optimists; 14) to be trend setters in lifestyles; 15) a strong sense of community and neighborliness, and a great informality.
Exercise 2. Give the English for the following:
1) бывшие слабые колонии; 2) свободное и независимое государство; 3) направлять петицию правительству с требованием устранить ошибки; 4) система правосудия, гарантирующая должное соблюдение юридических процедур; 5) неотъемлемые права; 6) один человек – один голос; 7) избирательный участок при выборах членов конгресса; 8) избираться непосредственно теми, кто имеет право голоса; 9) министр иностранных дел, министр внутренних дел; 10) с одобрения Конгресса; 11) собрание акционеров; 12) совладелец; 13) считать кого-либо принадлежащим какой-либо группе; 14) в этом смысле; 15) быть по существу точным.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions:
Part 1
1. When and why did the seven-year Revolution start?
2. What was the result of it?
3. When was the American Constitution adopted?
4. What does the Constitution set?
5. What was the name of the first ten Constitutional Amendments? What are they considered to be?
6. What rights are mentioned in the Constitution?
7. What does American governmental system include?
8. What is Congress comprised of? How many members are there?
9. All all members of Congress elected using the same method?
10. How is the President of the US elected? How many full terms is the President allowed?
11. Is the President independent in the decisions? How does the President interact with Congress?
12. What are executive departments of the US.
13. What are the powers of the federal government?
14. What are the powers of the government of states?
15. Why is there a strict division of federal and state powers?
Part 2
1. How large is the population of the US? How much land does the country occupy? What share of the world market does America retain?
2. In what industries does America take the leading position? Is it easy to be the world's leader in economy? Why?
3. What is Silicon Valley?
4. What facts show that the US is the world's leading agricultural nation?
5. What characteristics helped America become the leading nation?
6. What is the structure of jobs in the US? Are blue-collar workers among the lowest-paid in the world?
Part 3
1. Why is America called “a nation of immigrants”?
2. Has the US stopped taking immigrants recently?
3. Can the US be called a simple collection of different groups? Why?
4. Why is the US called the “melting pot”?
5. What is the reason for calling the US a “salad bowl”?
6. What is a better metaphor for American society and why?
7. What is American population structure according to their ancestry?
8. Do Americans like when other people generalize about them? Why?
9. What generalizations can be safely made about American people?
10. What three American “national characteristics” can you name?
Exercise 4. Insert prepositions where necessary:
1. Congress is made up …...the Senate and the House of Representatives.
2. According to Russian Constitution the President is elected every four years …… four-year terms of office.
3. The number of representatives from each state is based ……its population.
4. The executive managers are usually appointed……the chief of the corporation.
5. He is limited …….handling this part of the department.
6. The governor of the state doesn’t have any direct power …police force.
7. Do you know Russian laws …drug use?
8. Nowadays many Americans face… the problem of unemployment.
9. McDonald’s company accounts………45 per cent of all American fast food market.
10. More than 10 per cent of all working Americans are … heavy industry.
11. The USA is a heterogeneous country and this fact makes it different….its neighbors.
12. One personality trait which is common for almost all the Americans is friendliness… people.
Exercise 5. Paraphrase the sentences using the active vocabulary:
1. People in democratic countries have a certain number of freedoms that can not be taken away.
2. This problem is very important for our government.
3. American farmers produce more that 20 per cent of the world's agricultural goods.
4. What is the name of American ex- president?
5. Hi-tech and other fields are vital for the US economy.
6. American Congress includes such executive brunches as the Senate and the House of Representatives.
7. Our company has already signed an agreement with the US airspace research and development center.
8. American government has come across the necessity of supporting farmers and ranchers.
9. That tendency was evident to everyone.
10. What are your roots?
11. This company continues functioning.
12. How big is the amount of money the government takes from people's wages or salaries?
13. How are these politicians going to manage the housing problem?
14. Have you heard of the President’s goal to resign?
15. A lot of nations fuse within that country.
16. Whites are the main part of American population.
17. Does this country have death penalty?
18. They refused to continue debates connected with religious freedom in American society.
19. The shares of this company are growing.
20. The Parliament ratified the Bill a week ago.
21. Our organization protects domestic producers from piracy.
22. They protested against new job cuts.
23. They offered several corrections of the Constitution.
24. America takes leading position in many fields of modern life, for example, in biochemical and genetic engineering.
25. Business people will have a lot of profit next year.
26. How does the end product look like?
27. People come to America to look for their happiness.
Exercise 6. Find opposite sentences:
1. The company has stopped functioning again.
2. It’s unnecessary to know the history of your native place.
3. A lot of nationalities are separated within the US.
4. Hispanics, Indians and Afro-Americans are the main majorities in the USA.
5. It is a correct idea of the structure of Russian government.
6. He dissuaded them from the necessity of doing this.
7. He started smoking several years ago.
8. The workers of this enterprise are happy when their salaries are delayed.
9. The law having been discussed was rejected by the government.
10. A new senator was fired yesterday morning.
11. His goal is unclear.
12. The territory of modern America presented the current colonies of Great Britain.
13. Do they have a restriction of religion in their country?
14. Do the ideas of these parties have anything different?
15. They’ve already faced a sluggish competition.
Exercise 7. Insert words from the active vocabulary:
1. It’s impossible to... this illness.
2. He works in Foreign... Department.
3. What is your religious...?
4. The President of the US is elected directly by... every four years to a four-year... of office.
5. They’ve made a... on favorable terms.
6. What is your...? – My grandparents come from Ireland.
7. The... is responsible to make laws while the... does everything to enforce them.
8. Mass media can not publish and say whatever they want because the government... strictly.
9. The extreme penalty in this country is....
10. American producers... all the world with modern computers and their inputs.
11. He is a good citizen. Ha always demonstrate... to the government.
12. Is anybody going to help me? – Yes, you can... me.
13. While calculating... you need to take all income of our citizens who work at home and abroad into account.
14. What goals do they...?
15. Two terrorists... a child and are demanding a million dollars.
16. Is your enterprise able to... with these huge old companies?
17. Russian oil industry... a rather large share of the world market.
18.... is responsible for keeping data about all people living in the country.
19. If you want a discount you should....
20. Instead of the ultimate power the three branches have... over each other.
Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. На днях Конгресс внес поправку в закон об неотъемлемых правах граждан.
2. Соединенные штаты представляют собой многонациональное государство, состоящее большей частью из иммигрантов.
3. Сельское хозяйство – одна из наиболее развитых сфер экономики США. На её долю приходится около 25 % от всего производства страны.
4. Сегодня в их квартире были произведены незаконный обыск и опись всего имущества.
5. Последняя перепись населения показала, что в нашей стране имеется тенденция к урбанизации.
6. У вас есть какие-либо видимые причины к принятию таких мер?
7. Данный договор включает в себя несколько пунктов.
8. Менеджер был уволен из компании, так как преследовал только свои интересы.
9. Какую религию вы исповедуете? (Какова ваша религиозная принадлежность?)
10. История этого народа уходит корнями в далекое прошлое.
11. Первые 10 поправок Конституции США известны как Билль о Правах.
12. Снижение подоходного налога стало долгожданным событием для многих американцев.
13. Многие штаты Америки могут устанавливать свои законы, связанные с любыми сферами общественной жизни.
14. Расследование похищения людей является федеральным делом.
15. Многие люди с гордостью признают свои этнические корни.
16. Подоходный налог никогда не берется с пенсионеров.
17. Министр иностранных дел говорил, что наша страна сталкивается с новой проблемой.
18. Может ли смертная казнь быть одобрена в демократическом обществе.
19. У нас есть одна общая черта: мы оба пытаемся решать проблемы как можно быстрее.
20. Вас здесь не ждут.
Communicative Exercises
Exercise 1. React to the statements using the phrases of agreement and disagreement in the form of situations of 5-7 sentences:
1. The division of powers into three branches is universal.
2. American people have a lot of rights and freedoms.
3. In democratic countries there are no unreasonable searches, arrests and seizures of property.
4. American states have much more power than Russian regions.
5. Two-Houses Parliament is characteristic both of the USA and Russia.
6. American and Russian presidents can count upon the automatic support of their parliaments.
7. The division of federal and local powers is very strict both in America and Russia.
8. The US is the leader of the world economy.
9. There are some typical features of American character that help survive intense competition.
10. Both the US and Russia are multinational countries.
11. Most people in the world proudly acknowledge their ethnic roots.
12. Minorities are discriminated neither in the US nor in Russia.
13. It's easy to make generalizations about any nation.
14. Many Russian people do not differentiate between nation and nationality.
Exercise 2. Act out dialogs between an American and a Russian person discussing:
1. American and Russian national characteristics.
2. Differences of the notions “nation” and “nationality”.
3. Federal and state/regional powers.
4. Political systems and problems.
5. Economic systems and problems.
Exercise 3. Speak on:
1. True and false characteristics of Russian and American people.
2. Nation and nationalities in Russia and America. What can a person mean saying 'I'm Russian'?
3. Differences and similarities in American and Russian political system.
4. Differences and similarities in American and Russian economies.
5. Attitude to traditions and ceremonies in the USA and Russia.
UNIT 8. TRANSPORTATION