Exercise 1. Give the English for:
1) неслучайно; 2) строиться; 3) преимущество; 4) десятилетие; 5) быстрые и элегантные суда; 6) коммерчески успешный; 7) городские рынки; 8) железная дорога; 9) иметь преимущество над; 10) менее дорогой; 11) обычный парень, живущий по соседству; 12) позволить себе машину; 13) отказываться от независимости; 14) покрытая лесом; 15) государственная система транспорта; 16) в основном обеспечиваются автобусными компаниями; 17) дешевый способ преодолеть большое расстояние; 18) пешеходные зоны; 19) запрещать студентам пользоваться машинами на территории университета; 20) они имеют репутацию вежливых водителей; 21) американские суды; 22) стали доступны миллионам американцев; 23) думать о проблемах; 24) городской транспорт; 25) бензин экономится; 26) давать взаймы деньги.
Exercise 2. Give the Russian for:
1) up until; 2) the Civil War; 3) travel by water; 4) to move freight; 5) harbor docks; 6) when it came to; 7) the greatest achievement; 8) further and further west; 9) a great deal; 10) settlers and immigrants; 11) to produce goods; 12) as a consequence; 13) significance; 14) the National Railroad Passenger Corporation; 15) relatively little importance; 16) convenient and expensive; 17) has a hard time; 18) measured by tons carried per mile; 19) trucks; 20) an enormous modern transportation system; 21) wait for connections; 22) stretches for over; 23) reach the conclusion; 24) stinking of exhaust; 25) covered by concrete; 26) 30 times the size of Italy; 27) in economic and practical terms; 28) the most extensive; 29) central shopping areas; 30) landscaped with grass, flowers and trees; 31) common approaches; 32) major rural interstate highways; 33) this general acceptance is helped along by the police.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions to the texts:
1. When was travel by water the favorite means of transportation for passengers and freight?
2. What did “downtown” mean once?
3. The US was the leading maritime nation, wasn’t it? Why?
4. How successful was the US as far as shipbuilding and traveling by water?
5. What was good about clippers? Why did steamships put an end to the period of clippers?
6. How important are canals for America?
7. Why did the railroad begin to win out over the steamboat?
8. How did the government support many railroads?
9. What did the railroads stimulate?
10. The significance of the railroads has increased, hasn’t it?
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11. What was the purpose of creating Amtrak? How important is it compared to railroad passenger transport in Europe?
12. Where does the system of Amtrak work best?
13. In what sphere is railroad still very important? Why?
14. How available are cars in modern America?
15. What enables Americans to travel freely and comfortably?
16. What are the advantages of traveling by car?
17. How can you characterize American interstate highway system?
18. What is one of the misleading images of America connected with cars? What is the real situation there?
19. What does public mass transportation system include? Where does it make sense? What cities are given as examples? Do all people prefer public transport in such cities?
20. What is the most extensive means of transportation in the US? What transportation is provided by bus companies? What companies are involved?
21. Where do bus companies operate? How many passengers a year do they take?
22. What measures were taken to solve problems caused by cars in shopping areas?
23. What did universities do to help solve the problem? What other programs were suggested?
24. What are American laws concerning speed limits? Do American drivers often break these limits? Who helps enforce them in and outside the cities?
25. What are the positive results of speed limits?
26. What reputation do American drivers have?
27. Why have traffic deaths dropped?
28. How do laws protect children?
29. What is American courts' attitude to those who speed near school zones?
Exercise 4. Ask questions to match the following answers. Think of all possible variants:
1. A:…?
B: Yes, it did. It happened after the Civil War
2. A…?
B: They grew around ocean harbors and along rivers.
3. A: …?
B. It was “ Clermont”.
4. A…?
B: It happened because of greater speed and directness.
5. A…?
B: Millions of immigrants reached the new territories.
6. A: …?
B: They gave land and lent money at low interest rate.
7. A: …?
B: It was done to provide a balanced transportation system.
8. A:…?
B: I think, for over 72, 000 km.
9. A:…?
B: Only in densely populated areas.
10. A:…?
B: Car-pooling or “share-the-ride” and “park-’n-ride”.
11. A:...?
B: From central shopping areas, on university campus and in school zones.
Exercise 5. Insert prepositions where necessary:
1. Most … America’s largest cities first grew … ocean harbors and … rivers.
2. The first commercially successful steamboat in the world appeared … the Hudson. River … New York.
3. Police strictly enforce speed limits … and … the cities.
4. This system works best and most profitably … densely populated areas.
5. The Americans had a great advantage when it came …boats and ships.
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6. Many universities forbid … students to have cars … campus.
7. This railroad is running trains … a route … more than 200 km.
8. Most … Americans adhere …speed limits.
9. Compared …railroad passenger transport …other countries, this company is … relatively little importance.
10. Fords and Chevys became available … millions … Americans.
11. This extensive network … roads and highways enables … Americans to travel freely and comfortably wherever they want.
12. The significance … railroad …passenger service has declined since the early decades of the 20-th century.
13. The materials needed …constructing …railroads stimulated many industries.
14. Many people think that America is one big parking lot, clogged …cars and trucks, covered …concrete.
15. Afterwards the railroad began to win … … the steamboat.
16. Urban areas in the United States take … less than 2 percent …the country’s total land area.
17. Experience has shown that many people still prefer to go … car.
Exercise 6. Paraphrase the sentences using the active vocabulary:
1. How do they move cargo within this area?
2. Rural areas occupy the largest part of this country.
3. Local authorities officiallydisallowed cars in that area.
4. This area is open to cyclists and walking people.
5. They moved the borders forward at an unprecedented rate at the end of the 19-th century.
6. Trains transport goods inexpensively.
7. The company is efficient on the world market.
8. There is a special library entrance for disabled people.
9. Anti smoking laws are very strict in some countries.
10. The banks are paying little percentage of deposited money to depositors now.
11. One of the main role of the police is to make sure that driving laws are obeyed.
12. Most drivers obey driving and drinking laws.
13. A lot of freight is moved along rivers inside the country.
14. This company transports products in large quantities all over the country.
15. Steamers replaced clippers.
16. They never start driving faster near school zones.
17. You should look at the schedule to see when the last train leaves.
18. There are too many cars in the area.
19. My beautiful table was spoiled by cigarette burns.
20. You can leave your car in a specialized area.
21. Gas makes air dirty.
Exercise 7. Find the opposites:
1. Steamers lost to clippers.
2. You can find many plants and factories downtown.
3. Public transport makes economic sense only in rural areas.
4. Many drivers do not obey laws limiting speed.
5. There are few cars in the area.
6. The ship is in the ocean now.
7. She is a recidivist.
8. Bus is gradually losing its leading position in the US.
9. American government has always done a lot to make the lands beyond the border inaccessible.
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10. They transport small amount of products.
11. There are few people living in this region.
12. It is an intercity train.
13. They suffered losses.
14. Cycling is permitted in this part of the city.
15. There are many roads for pedestrians.
16. That beautiful landscape was improved by the large amount of gas stations.
17. Many cities and towns were destroyed around harbors and along rivers.
18. This type of car is meant for healthy individuals.
19. Are there many drivers in the street?
20. They are a land nation.
21. That bus company operates in the suburbs.
Exercise 8. Insert the words from the vocabulary:
1. It is very expensive to drive to work every day for people living in the suburbs. That is why automobile owners organized... to to take turns in driving several neighbors to work.
2. If the authorities of American states want to decrease the amount of car accidents they must... and....
3. In order to move freely from one city/town to another it is necessary to....
4. Using... you can avoid traffic jams.
5. Where am I to leave the car? There is no...!
6. The air is... by large amount of cars.
7.... helps move quickly and freely across the US.
8. Drivers who speed near school zones pay large....
9. There are... that move people downtown from suburbs.
10. It is easy to pay on the loan because of....
11. They are a great...: their merchant shipping is one of the largest in the world.
12. If the government wants its people to move freely within the country it must....
13. The demand on goods made of metal is growing. This fact....
Exercise 9. Translate into English:
1. Пароход стал преобладающим транспортным средством в Америке после Гражданской войны.
2. Многие люди предпочитают делать покупки в торговых центрах.
3. Если вы нарушите правила дорожного движения, вам придется заплатить штраф.
4. Строительство железной дороги стимулировало развитие многих отраслей промышленности.
5. Пароходы способствовали расширению границ страны, доставляя иммигрантов в новые районы, а также перевозя грузы по низкой стоимости.
6. Эта система общественного транспорта работает прибыльно только в густонаселенных территориях.
7. Система дорог и скоростных шоссе позволяет путешествовать свободно туда, куда вы хотите.
8. Существует ошибочная точка зрения, что Америка – это огромная стоянка, переполненная машинами.
9. В этом университете студентам запрещено оставлять машины на территории кампуса.
10. Работа городского транспорта и междугородние перевозки обеспечиваются многими государственными и частными компаниями.
11. Товарные поезда очень важны для перевозки так называемых основных грузов, таких как уголь и зерно.
12. Во многих городах автомобильное движение запрещено на центральных улицах.
13. Удивительно, что американцы имеют репутацию вежливых водителей.
14. Мы должны принять более жесткие законы о вождении в нетрезвом виде для защиты школьников.
15. Недавно он был оштрафован за нарушение правил об ограничении скорости.
Communicative Exercises
Exercise 1. Agree or disagree developing the following sentences into monologues of 5-7 sentences:
1. Wooden ships have no future.
2. There is no economic sense in developing public transport in small towns.
3. Trains are the most popular for moving passengers and freight in Russia.
4. It is more logical to develop motorways and highways than railroad in the US.
5. It is enough to make tough driving law in order to decrease the amount of car accidents.
6. It's easy to get a driving license.
7. All drivers in the world are polite and courteous.
Exercise 2. Use the vocabulary of the Unit to act out dialogs discussing:
1. Advantages and disadvantages of traveling by ship, train, bus, and car.
2. Driving laws in your country and abroad.
3. Public transport at home and abroad.
4. Railroad system at home and abroad.
5. The system of motorways and highways and services for drivers at home and abroad.
6. Environmental problems connected with transport and ways of solving them at home and abroad.
Exercise 3. Speak on:
1. Advantages and disadvantages of different ways of traveling.
2. Difference between American and Russian transportation system.
3. Past, present and future of your favorite means of transport.
REFERENCES
1. Богацкий И.С. и др. Бизнес-курс английского языка. Киев, 1997.
2. Выборова Г.Е., Махурян К.С. и др. Advanced English. М., 1997.
3. Полякова Т.Ю. и др. Английский язык для инженеров. М., 2000.
4. Hewitt K. Understanding Britain. – 2nd ed. – Oxford, 1996.
5. O'Driscoll J. Britain. – Oxford University Press, 1996.
6. Stevenson D. K. American Life and Institutions. – Ernst Klett Verlag, 1998.
CONTENTS
Введение……………………………………………………………………..3
Unit 1 Family Life……………………………………………………………4
Unit 2 Working Day and Leisure……………………………………………23
Unit 3 Education…………………………………………………………….44
Unit 4 Meals………………………………………………………………....60
Unit 5 Shops and Shopping………………………………………………….76
Unit 6 Great Britain………………………………………………………… 89
Unit 7 USA………………………………………………………………….110
Unit 8 Transportation……………………………………….........................124
References.....................................................................................................136
Contents…………………………………………………………………….137