THE COURT SYSTEM OF ENGLAND AND WALES




GOVERNMENT

The Government of the UK is a body of ministers who are responsible for the administration of national affairs. The ministers are the leading members of the political party which wins a majority of seats in Parliament. The party which wins the second largest number of seats in Parliament becomes the official Opposition.

The Prime Minister, the leader of the party with a majority, is appointed by the Queen. (The Queen appoints, but does not select the Prime Minister. She has no choice.) A1l other Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The majority of ministers are members of the Commons, although the Government is also fully represented by ministers in the Lords. The Lord Chancellor is always a member of the House of Lords,

The Cabinet. The most senior Ministers (usually about 20 in number) compose the Cabinet, which meets regularly (once or twice a week) under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister to decide government policy on major issues, exercise supreme control of government and coordinate gov­ernment departments.

Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet de­cisions; individual ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their departments.

The "Shadow Cabinet". The Opposition party, which is not currently in power, under the direction of its leader forms a "Shadow Cabinet". The ministers in the Shadow Cabinet deal with the same matters as the Cabinet of Ministers in the current government, debating with the actual Cabinet ministers from the Government side.

The people elect MPs.

After an election a Government is formed.

The Prime Minister is appointed by the Queen.

The Prime Minister selects his Ministers.

The Ministers form the Cabinet.

The Cabinet decides Government policies.

The Parliament agrees to support or reject Government policies and laws.

PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL

Ministers are responsible to Parliament for their department and its actions. The Commons can force a government to leave office. This happened in 1979, when the official Opposition put forward a no-confidence motion which was carried by one vote. The Government was therefore obliged to advise the Queen to dissolve Parliament and a general election followed.

One of Parliament's most prized occasions is Commons’ Question Time. For roughly one hour a day, ministers are asked by MPs searching questions on major government policies. This is often the best way for MPs to probe ministers about government intentions. The Prime Minister is questioned twice a week.

Vocabulary Notes

to leave office – уйти в отставку

no-confidence – вотум недоверия

to probe – зондировать

THE COURT SYSTEM OF ENGLAND AND WALES

The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates' court. There are 700 magistrates' courts and about 30,000 magistrates.

More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Civil cases (for example, divorce or bankruptcy cases) are dealt with in County courts.

Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magis­trates’ courts are heard in the Crown Court. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords. (Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh, which hears all appeals from Scottish courts.) Certain cases maybe referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg.

The legal system also includes juvenile courts (which deal with offenders under seventeen) and coroners' courts (which investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths). There are administrative tribunals which make quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with disputes between individuals and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).

 

Vocabulary Notes

magistrates' court — мировой суд

Crown Court - Суд Короны

case - судебное дело

County court - суд графства

court of appeal — апелляционный суд

European Court of Justice - Европейский суд

juvenile court - суд по делам несовершеннолетних

violent- насильственный

coroners' court - суд, рассматривающий дела о насильственной смерти

to make a decision — принимать решение

fair - справедливый

taxation — налогообложение

 

Еx. 4. Приведите 2-3 примера различных правонарушений и скажите, в каких судах они должны рассматриваться. Обоснуйте вашу точку зрения.

Еx. 5. Выучите следующие слова и выражения,

a barrister — адвокат, выступающий в суде

a solicitor — поверенный

a judge — судья

advocacy - адвокатура

to examine the case — изучить дело

litigalion - тяжба, гражданское дело

to rely on - полагаться на

self-employed — зд. иметь частную практику

the right of audience - право выступать в суде

Bar - коллегия адвокатов

in house lawyer- юрист, постоянно работающий в компании



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