Используя текст, напишите перевод данных ниже слов и письменно ответьте на вопросы:
After its 200th birthday the United States of America still holds the leading position in the western world. A country that inspired many appellations — "Land of Opportunity," "Melting Pot," "God's Country," is still referred to us as a land of superlatives — "the richest," "the greatest," "the most."
What makes the USA the leader of the western world is its economic, political and military dominance over other countries.
The United States lies in the central part of the North American Continent between two oceans: the Atlantic Ocean to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the West. Friendly Canada to the north and friendly Mexico to the south are the only countries bordering it.
The USA consists of three separate parts. They are the Hawaiian Islands, situated in the central part of the Pacific Ocean, Alaska separated by the Canadian territory and the rest of the USA.The states differ very much in size, population and economic development.
There are many big cities and towns in the USA: New York, San Francisco, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles are the biggest.
The United States of America is a parliamentary republic. The government is divided into three branches: legislative (the US Congress), executive (the President and his Administration) and judicial (the US Supreme Court).
There are two main political parties in the USA: the Democratic (symbolized by a "donkey") and the Republican (its symbol is an "elephant"). The US President is both head of state and government. He is elected for a four-year term. Presidential elections are held every leap year on first Tuesday after first Monday in November. The President is assisted by Secretaries who are the heads of the executive departments.
The Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices who are appointed for life. It is supposed to decide whether a law of the Congress or an executive order of the President is constitutional or not.
The form of US government is based on the Constitution of September 17, 1787, adopted after the War of Independence. In December 1791, the Congress adopted ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights.
The Congress of the United States is composed of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states and the House represents the population according to its distribution among the states. All states have electoral requirements of the same nature. First of all they are residence requirements.
Through its power over the purse, the US Congress can control much that relates to foreign policy; also it is a governmental body that determines taxation.
Each of the fifty states of the USA has a constitution patterned after the federal Constitution, with its divisions of power: legislative, executive, and judicial.
The Presidency means not only a man: means an institution — the "executive branch" of the government.
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and the head of the judicial branch of US government. The federal and state courts have the power of "judicial review." Also there are about ninety district courts in different parts of the United States. American judicialpractice is firmly committed to the idea of jury trials. The Constitution guarantees them for both criminal and civil cases. According to the US judicial doctrine, "justice is a relationship in which each citizen or group receives due respect and return."
Штат, вдохновлять, возможность, плавить, превосходная степень, превосходство, Атлантический океан, Тихий океан, граничить, законодательный, исполнительный, судебный, Верховный суд, осел, слон, избирать, выборы, високосный год, исполнительные органы, главный судья, ассоциированный судья, назначать, предполагать, решать, закон, указ, принимать, независимость, поправка, Билль о правах, представитель, представлять, избирательные требования равного характера, требования к месту жительства, кошелек, финансовая власть, внешняя политика, определять, налогообложение, судебный пересмотр, приверженный, суд присяжных, уголовные и гражданские дела, справедливость, отношения, уважение, в ответ.
1. How old is the USA?
2. What makes the USA the leader of the western world?
3. What countries does the USA border?
4. What oceans is the USA washed by?
5. What part of the North American Continent does the USA lies?
6. What is the political system of the USA?
7. What are the brunches of the USA government?
8. What are the main political parties in the USA?
9. When are presidential elections held?
10. What does the Supreme Court consist of?
11. When was the US Constitution adopted?
12. What is the composition of the US Congress?
13. Is the USA the biggest country in the world?
Canada
9. Используя текст, напишите перевод данных ниже предложений:
Canada consists of almost all of the North American continent north of the US except Alaska. Its total land area of more than 9 mln sq. km makes it the second largest country in the world.
Canada's topography is dominated by the Canadian Shield, an ice- scoured area covering half the country. Most of northern Canada has subarctic or arctic climates, with long cold winters lasting 8 to 11 month, short sunny summers, and little precipitation. In contrast, the populated south has a variety of climatological landscapes.
The total population according to the census 1981 was about 24 mln people with the average population density of 2.8 per sq. km.
English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all governmental institutions.
Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 2 northern territories. The federal Parliament is made up of the House of Commons and the Senate. The leader of the party that wins the largest number of seats in a newly elected House of Commons is asked to form the government.
The civil law follows English common law everywhere except in Quebec, where it follows the Napoleonic Code.
Canada is a world leader in the production of asbestos, nickel and different other elements, forestry products, and ranks first in the world in export of minerals. Although no longer the foremost sector of the economy, agriculture is of major importance to the economy as a whole and still is basic in many areas. Canada is among the world's leading wheat producers and is second in the export of wheat.
Basically, Canada has a free-enterprise economy. A recurrent problem for Canada has been the dominant position of US corporations and investors.
1. Канада находится в Северной Америке.
2. Это вторая в мире по величине страна.
3. В большей части Северной Канады арктический климат.
4. Населенный юг имеет климатическое разнообразие.
5. Население Канады около 24 млн. человек.
6. Официальные языки Канады – английский и французский.
7. Канада – федерация из 10 провинций и двух северных территорий.
8. Федеральный Парламент состоит из Палаты Общин и Сената.
9. Канада – мировой лидер по лесной продукции и первая по экспорту минералов.
10. Канада среди мировых лидеров по производству зерна.
11. В Канаде свободная рыночная экономика.
Australia
Australia is lying south-east of Asia, between the Pacific and Indian oceans. It is the world's smallest continent which is almost completely surrounded by ocean expanses. Its total area is 7,682,300 sq.km.
The continent of Australia is divided into four general topographic regions: a low, sandy eastern coastal plain, the eastern highlands, the central plain, and the western plateau. Although Australia has a wide diversity of climatic conditions, the climate of Australia is generally warm and dry, with no extreme cold and little frost. It changes from comfortably mild in the south to hot in the central inferior and north.
The total population in 1986 was about 16 mln people with the average population density of about 2 persons per sq.km. Most Australians are of British or Irish ancestry. More than 99% of the population speaks English.
The capital of Australia is Canberra. Australia has a federal parliamentary government. The Australian federation was formed on January 1, 1901, from six former British colonies, which thereupon became states. The Australian constitution combines the traditions of British parliamentary monarchy with important elements of the US federal system. Powers of the federal government are enumerated and limited. The government consists of the British sovereign and the Australian Parliament.
Australia is the world's largest wool producer and one of the world's largest wheat exporters. The main sources of foreign earnings are wool, food and minerals which also provide raw materials for home processing industry.
New Zealand
New Zealand is situated in the southwest Pacific Ocean on two large islands: the North Island and the South Island. Its total area is 268,112 sq.km.
Less than 1/4 of the territory of the country lies below the 200 m contour line. The South Island is significantly more mountainous than the North Island. New Zealand has a temperate, moist ocean climate without marked seasonal variations in temperature or rainfall.
The total population in 1986 was about 3.3 mln people with the average population density of about 12 persons per sq.km. About 85 % of the population is classified as Europeans. Most of them are of British descend. English is the universal language.
The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. Like the United Kingdom New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the British Queen (or the King) whose representative, the governor-general, is appointed for a five-year term. The government of New Zealand is democratic and modeled on that of the United Kingdom.
The economy of New Zealand has traditionally been based on pastoral farming. The last decades have seen a large expansion in the light industries. New Zealand draws many thousands of tourists to its shores because of the beauty, diversity, and compactness of its natural attractions.
Австралия, Азия, Тихий океан, Индийский океан, север, юг, восток, запад, общая площадь, общий, низкий, песчаный, прибрежная равнина, горная местность, центральная равнина, западное плато, теплый, сухой, умеренный,
британское происхождение, перерабатывающая промышленность, генерал-губернатор, скотоводство, легкая промышленность, природные достопримечательности.
1. What kind of climate is there in Australia?
2. Who is the head of the state in New Zealand?
3. What are the main branches of the Australian economy?
4. How many states does Australia consist of?
5. What is the capital of New Zealand?