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Текст № 1. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Automation
1.Automation is the use of control systems in concern with other applications of information technology to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization.
2. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities.
3. Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds; as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches even where automation of industrial tasks is possible.
Определите основную идею текста.
1) People rely on automation in controlling industrial processes, world economic growth.
2) In spite of playing a great role in industry, world economy and people's daily activities, automation can't entirely substitute people.
3) Automation has its advancements as well as shortcomings concerning the way of its application.
4) Automation is the only way of advancement people's work and life.
Определите какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
1) Automation is not a universal substitute of human's role in industrial
processes.
2) People can rely on automation in all industrial processes.
3) The task of automation is to reduce the need for humans as it is too cost-effective.
4) Automation concerns only industrial processes.
Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
People need automation nowadays because …
1) It facilitates their daily life and work
2) In some cases they can’t do without it
3) It provides them with additional workplaces
4) It intensifies their work greatly
Ответьте на вопрос
How does automation benefit to people?
1) Automation excludes people’s role in industrial processes.
2) People rely on it as their work is more cost-effective.
3) Automation promotes further humans’ development
4) Automation controls industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention.
Текст № 2. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
AUTOMATION
1. Automation is the application of machines to tasks once performed by human beings or to tasks that would otherwise be impossible Although the term mechanisation is often used to refer to the simple replacement of human labour by machines, automation generally implies the integration of machines into a self-governing system Time is scarcely an aspect of modem life that has been unaffected by automation.
2. The term automation appealed in the automobile industry about 1946 to describe the increased use of automatic devices and controls in mechanised production lines. The term is used widely in a manufacturing context, but it is also applied outside manufacturing in connection with a variety of systems in wluch there is a sigiuficant substitution of mechanical, electrical, or computerised action for human effort and intelligence.
3. Automation can be defined as a technology concerned with performing a process by means of programmed commands combined with automatic feedback control to ensure proper execution of the instructions, The resulting system is capable of operating without human intervention. The development of this technology greatly depends on the use of computers and computer-related technologies. Consequently, automated systems are becoming more sophisticated and complex.
4. Automation technology has matured to a point where a number of other technologies have developed from it and have achieved a recognition and status of their own Robotics is one of these technologies. It is a specialised branch of automation in which the automated machine possesses certain humanlike characteristics. The most typical humanlike characteristic of a modem industrial robot is its powered mechanical arm. The robot's arm can be programmed to perform useful tasks, such as loading and unloading parts at a production machine or making a sequence of spot-welds on the sheet-metal parts of an automobile body during assembly.
1. Определите, является ли утверждение:
Robotics is sophisticated automation technology.
а. Ложным
b. В тексте нет информации
с. истинным
2. Определите, является ли утверждение:
Machine tools have always used advanced automation technologies.
а. Ложным
b. В тексте нет информации
с. истинным
Определите, является ли утверждение:
The term mechanization and automation have the same meaning.
1) Ложным
2) В тексте нет информации
3) истинным
Определите, является ли утверждение:
The robot’s arm can be used to make a sequence of delicate and accurate operation in surgery.
a. Ложным
b. В тексте нет информации
c. истинным
2. Укажите, какой части текста(1,2,3,4) соответствует следующая информация:
3. Automated machines possessing certain humanlike characteristics.
4. () 1
5. () 2
6. () 3
7. () 4
Определите основную идею текста
1) Automation is used in automobile industry.
2) Robotics is one of the automated technologies
3) Automation penetrated almost all spheres of modern life.
4) There are different kings of automated machines.
Текст № 3. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
A microwave oven
1. A microwave oven works by passing non-ionizing microwave radiation, usually at a frequency of 2.45 gigahertz (a wavelength of 12.24 centimetres), through the food. Microwave radiation is between common radio and infrared frequencies. Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.
2. Many molecules (such as those of water) are electric dipoles, meaning that they have a positive charge at one end and a negative charge at the other, and therefore rotate as they try to align themselves with the alternating electromagnetic field of the microwaves. This molecular movement represents heat which is then dispersed as the rotating molecules hit other molecules and put them into motion.
3. Microwave heating is more efficient on liquid water than on fats and sugars (which have a smaller molecular dipole moment), and also more efficient than on frozen water (where the molecules are not free to rotate). Microwave heating is sometimes explained as a resonance of water molecules, but this is incorrect: such resonance only occurs in water vapor at much higher frequencies, at about 20 GHz.
4. A common misconception is that microwave ovens cook food from the "inside out". In reality, microwaves are absorbed in the outer layers of food in a manner somewhat similar to heat from other methods. The misconception arises because microwaves penetrate dry non-conductive substances at the surfaces of many common foods, and thus often induce initial heat more deeply than other methods. Depending on water content, the depth of initial heat deposition may be several centimetres or more with microwave ovens, in contrast to infrared or convection heating, which deposit heat thinly at the food surface. Penetration depth of microwaves is dependent on food composition and the frequency, with lower microwave frequencies (longer wavelengths) penetrating better.
(Encyclopedia Wikipedia)
Задание 23.
Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
1) Microwave heating can be explained as a resonance of water molecules.
2) Microwave heating is more efficient on liquids with higher density.
3) Dielectric heating is the process of giving off microwave energy from food substances.
4) It is stated that food composition and the frequency influence microwave penetration depth.
Задание 24.
Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.
1) Microwave heating methods differ from other heating methods.
2) The longer the microwaves are the better the penetration depth.
3) Heat is the result of molecular movement.
4) The work of microwave ovens is usually carried out at a certain frequency.
Задание 25.
Ответьте на вопрос
What is the peculiarity of heat penetration with microwaves?
1) Penetration depth of microwaves is dependent on food composition and the frequency.
2) Food substances absorb energy from the microwaves.
3) Microwave heating is more efficient on liquid water than on fats, sugars and ice.
4) Microwaves penetrate dry non-conductive substances at the surfaces of food more deeply.
Задание 26.
Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос
What principle is microwave ovens heating based upon?
1) 4
2) 1
3) 2
4) 3
Задание 27.
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
Water affects the depth of microwave heating penetration.
1) 3
2) 2
3) 1
4) 4
Задание 28.
Определите основную идею текста.
1) The work of microwave ovens is usually carried out at a certain frequency.
2) Food substances absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.
3) Microwave is a modern, high quality device developed on contemporary achievements of science used for food preparation.
4) Penetration depth of microwaves depends on food staff and the frequency.
Текст № 4. Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Nanotechnology
1.Nanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.
2. Molecular nanotechnology describes engineered nanosystems operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechanosynthesis.
3. In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as all one has to position atoms are other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another view, put forth by Carlo Montemagno, is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Yet another view, put forward by the late Richard Smalley, is that mechanosynthesis is impossible due to the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.
4. There has been much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics and energy production.
On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios.
(Encyclopedia Wikipedia)