Task 10. Fill in the blanks with the derivatives of the words in brackets.

1. It may also include principles that... those powers in order to secure against them fundamental rights of persons or groups. (limit)

2. Quarrels and fights over the extent of such rights were not...; and they were sometimes settled through solemn, legal “pacts” among the contenders, the prom­inent example being Magna Carta (1215). (frequent)

3. The theory of the rights of the individual was a potent factor in... the constitutions of Western states in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. (shape)

4. They are always supplemented, to varying degrees, by statutes, judicial doctrines interpreting the constitu­tion,... practices, and... institutions (such as political parties) and their practices. (government)

5. Yet the legislation of the Bund, the central govern­ment, extends over so many matters that it is... wheth­er Germany is not in fact a... state. (question, region)

 

Vocabulary

amendment – поправка (к кон­ституции, закону, в доку­менте, в договоре), измене­ние, дополнение

assumption – принятие на себя (ответственности, обязанности, власти); допущение, предположение, презумп­ция

ballot – баллотировка; выборы; голосование; общее коли­чество поданных голосов

bicameral –двухпалатный (о парламенте)

binding – обязывающий, обяза­тельный, имеющий обяза­тельную силу; связующий

bylaw – подзаконный акт

contender – соперник (на выбо­рах), кандидат, претендент (на пост)

convention – съезд; конвент; конвенция; обычай

delegated legislation – делеги­рованное законодательство

devolution – переход или пере­дача права, обязанности, правового титула или дол­жности; деволюция, огра­ниченная автономия (тре­буемая для Шотландии, Уэльса)

enactment – издание, принятие (закона), установление в законном порядке

enforceable – могущий быть принудительно осуществ­ленным в судебном поряд­ке; обеспеченный правовой санкцией

enforcement – давление, при­нуждение; принудительное применение (права, зако­на); принудительное осу­ществление или взыскание (по суду); обеспечение пра­вовой санкцией

exiguous – малый, незначи­тельный, скудный

framework – структура, систе­ма; рамки, пределы

grant – отчуждение; пожалова­ние; дарение; дарственная; дотация, субсидия

involuntary – невольный, при­нудительный, непреднаме­ренный

laissez-faire – невмешательство (правительства в дела час­тных лиц, особенно в час­тный бизнес и торговлю)

Low Countries – Нидерланды, Бельгия и Люксембург

presiding officer – председа­тель, председательствую­щее лицо

provision – условие, постанов­ление, положение (догово­ра, закона)

recourse – просьба о помощи; прибежище, пристанище, убежище

segregation – отделение, выде­ление, изоляция, сегрега­ция

servitude – рабство; порабоще­ние; каторжные работы; каторга

suffrage – право голоса, изби­рательное право, голосова­ние; голос

suspensory veto – приостанав­ливающее вето

to abrogate – отменять, анну­лировать; упразднять

to adhere – придерживаться, соблюдать; присоединяться

to apportion – соразмерно рас­пределять; разделять, де­лить; устанавливать норму представительства

to assert – утверждать, заяв­лять, отстаивать, защи­щать, доказывать

to buttress – подпирать, под­держивать, усиливать, ук­реплять, подкреплять

to conform – согласоваться; со­ответствовать; подчинять­ся (правилам)

to countenance – одобрять, раз­решать; давать санкцию

to delimit – производить делими­тацию, определять границы

to deprive – лишать; отрешать от должности

to emulate – стремиться пре­взойти; конкурировать, со­перничать, соревноваться

to endow with – давать; предо­ставлять; даровать; обле­кать (полномочиями)

to enforce – принудительно применять (право, закон); принудительно осуществ­лять (или взыскивать) в судебном порядке

to entrust – вверять; возлагать, поручать (to; with)

to envisage – предусматривать

to grant – отчуждать, переда­вать право собственности; пожаловать; дарить; разре­шать; предоставлять

to have recourse to – прибегать, обращаться к чему-либо

to invalidate – лишать закон­ной силы, делать, призна­вать недействительным, несостоятельным; сводить на нет

to pledge – давать заверение, обязательство

to prescribe – предписывать, назначать (наказание)

to rectify – исправлять, вносить исправление, устранять ошибку

to repeal – отменять (о законе)

to reshape – приобретать новый вид или иную форму; при­давать новый вид или иную форму

to vest – облекать, наделять (правами, властью); при­надлежать (о правах, вла­сти); возникать у кого-л., переходить к кому-л.

unicameral – однопалатный (о парламенте)

unitary – унитарный

 

LESSON 4

GRAMMAR: COMPLEX SUBJECT, REVISION OF PERFECT FORMS, PASSIVE VOICE

TEXT A: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

TEXT B: JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATION

Complex Subject (Сложное подлежащее)

 

Сочетание существительного в общем падеже или личного местоимения в именительном падеже в функции подлежащего с инфинитивом при сказуемом, выраженном глаголом в форме страдательного залога, представляет собой сложное подлежащее.

This man	is said	to know five foreign languages.
Говорят,	(что) этот человек	знает пять иностранных языков.

 

В английском языке это простое предложение, но переводить его необходимо сложноподчиненным предложением. Глагол в страдательном залоге переводится на русский язык неопределенно-личным оборотом (говорят, сообщают и т.п.), играющим роль главного предложения, за которым следует придаточное предложение с союзом «что». Существительное или местоимение становится в русском предложении подлежащим придаточного предложения. Инфинитив переводится сказуемым, согласующимся с подлежащим.

Сложное подлежащее обычно встречается с глаголами:

 

to say	- говорить
to report	- сообщать
to consider	- считать
to understand	- понимать
to expect	- ожидать, рассчитывать
to suppose	- полагать и др.

 

В предложении со сложным подлежащим такие глаголы, как:

 

to seem, to appear	- казаться
to prove	- оказываться
to happen	- случаться

 

употребляются в форме действительного залога.

He seems to know English well.

Кажется, он хорошо знает английский.

They happened to be there at that time.

Случилось так, что они были там в это время.

Сказуемое в предложении со сложным подлежащим может быть составным, типа:

to be likely - вероятно

to be unlikely - маловероятно

to be certain - несомненно

to be sure - обязательно.

 

They are unlikely to come in time.

Маловероятно, что они приедут вовремя.

 

Инфинитив в сложном подлежащем может употребляться в различных формах:

1. Инфинитив в форме Indefinite выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола в личной форме:

This man is said to work much.

Говорят, что этот мужчина много работает.

2. Инфинитив в форме Continuous выражает длительное действие, одновременное с действием глагола в личной форме:

This man is said to be working much.

Говорят, что этот мужчина сейчас много работает.

3. Инфинитив в форме Perfect выражает действие, предшествующее действию глагола в личной форме:

This man is said to have worked much.

Говорят, что этот мужчина много работал.

4. Инфинитив в форме Perfect Continuous выражает длительное действие, совершавшееся в течение отрезка времени, предшествовавшего действию глагола в личной форме:

This man is said to have been working for several days.

Говорят, что этот мужчина много работал в течение нескольких дней.

 

 

Task 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the complex subject:

1. He was said to be one of the most prominent lawyers. 2. He is said to be a good interpreter. 3. Bess was known to be a hard-working student. 4. Our father was expected to arrive on Monday. 5. Our group was supposed to take part in the competition. 6. The number of the unemployed is reported to be increasing with every year. 7. Many new text-books are expected to be published soon. 8. Chernyshevsky is known to have spoken several foreign languages. 9. These devices are considered to be very effective. 10. You are supposed to graduate from the Academy in four years. 11. He appeared to be an ideal man. 12. The student didn’t seem to hear the teacher. 13. In the middle of the lecture Dr. White happened to pause and look out of the window. 14. This work seems to take much time. 15. Jack is sure to be back soon. 16. She is not likely to change her opinion. 17. The article is likely to appear in the next issue of the journal. 18. He is certain to give us some useful information.

 

Task 2. Paraphrase the following sentences paying attention to the complex subject:

E.g. We heard that a car stopped outside the door.

A car was heard to stop outside the door.

It is believed that the poem was written by Byron.

The poem is believed to have been written by Byron.

 

1. We know Bernard Shaw to have been a very witty man. 2. People consider the climate there is very healthful. 3. It is expected that the performance will be a success. 4. It is said that the book is popular with both old and young. 5. It was announced that the Spanish dancers were arriving next week. 6. It is said that the weather in Europe was too hot last summer. 7. It is supposed that the playwright is working at a new comedy. 8. It is reported that the flood has caused much damage to the crops. 9. It is believed that the poem was written by an unknown soldier. 10. Scientists consider that electricity exists throughout space.

TEXT A

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Before reading the text 1) learn to pronounce the following words correctly:

[ә:] serve assert purpose concern internal external circumstance certain occur survey confer	[ ] public government justice cover recovery currency function result compulsory	[o:] law importanсe order draw ordinance resources authorize [a:] regard	[o] authority body concept complement prerogative bureaucracy consequence democracy	[i:] deal impede achieve regime reach between feature even frequent exceed
[i] administrative provision judicial juridical consider activities efficient validity liability	[e] extent develop irrespective expect debt executive address	direction legislative inevitable expenditure head health complementary	[æ] substantive cabinet matter average standard rapid	traffic carry tax aspect challenge
[ju:] constitution duty review pursue	[ai] right kind type assign deny high private confine either	[εә] compare repair	[aiә] require acquire

 

2) translate the following international words:

administrative, agency, regulation, legal, public, system, constitutional, juridical, universally, organization, function, structure, central, local, characteristics, economical, effective, justice, service, result.

Administrative law is the body of law created by administrative agencies in the form of rules, regulations, orders, and decisions to carry out regulatory powers and duties of such agen­cies. Administrative law is the legal framework within which public administration is carried out. It derives from the need to create and develop a system of public admin­istration under law, a concept that may be compared with the much older notion of justice under law. Since admin­istration involves the exercise of power by the executive arm of government, administrative law is of constitu­tional and political, as well as juridical, importance.

There is no universally accepted definition of admin­istrative law, but rationally it may be held to cover the organization, powers, duties, and functions of public authorities of all kinds engaged in administration; their relations with one another and with citizens and nongov­ernmental bodies; legal methods of controlling public administration; and the rights and liabilities of officials. Administrative law is to a large extent complemented by constitutional law, and the line between them is hard to draw. The organization of a national legislature, the struc­ture of the courts, the characteristics of a cabinet, and the role of the head of state are generally regarded as matters of constitutional law, whereas the substantive and procedural provisions relating to central and local governments and judicial review of administration are reckoned matters of administrative law. But some mat­ters, such as the responsibility of ministers, cannot be exclusively assigned to either administrative or consti­tutional law. Some French and American jurists regard administrative law as including parts of constitutional law.

The law relating to public health, education, housing, and other public services could logically be regarded as part of the corpus of administrative law; but because of its sheer bulk it is usually considered ancillary.

One of the principal objects of administrative law is to ensure efficient, economical, and just administration. A system of administrative law that impedes or frustrates administration would clearly be bad, and so, too, would be a system that results in injustice to the individual. But to judge whether administrative law helps or hinders effective administration or works in such a way as to denyjustice to the individual involves an examination of the ends that public administration is supposed to serve, as well as the means that it employs.

 

 

TASKS

 

Task 1. Translate the following word combinations into Russian:

administrative law, administrative agencies, the body of law, public administration, the notion of justice, the exercise of power, the executive arm of government, the rights and liabilities of officials, methods of constitutional law, the corpus of administrative law, to hinder effective administration, substantive provisions, procedural provisions.

Task 2. Translate the following word combinations into English:

административные органы, функции общественных органов власти, неправительственные органы, структура судов, роль главы государства, ответственность министров, основные цели административного права, система общественного управления, обеспечивать эффективное управление, применять средства управления.

 

Task 3. Make up correct word combinations:

administrative legal public regulatory effective substantive

agencies provisions law administration authorities powers

the body of the notion of the liabilities of the corpus of the organization of the head of

justice administrative law a legislature law the state officials

 

Task 4. Insert prepositions:

the body … law; created … administrative agencies; to carry … regulatory powers; to derive … the need to create a system … public administration; to compare … the notion … justice; to be … political importance; to be engaged … administration; relations … one another; to be assigned … constitutional law; to result … injustice … the individual.

 

Task 5. Complete the following sentences:

1. Administrative law is the body of law in the form of ….

2. It derives from the need to … under law.

3. Since administration involves … administrative law is of constitutional and political importance.

4. Administrative law is complemented by ….

5. One of the principal objects of administrative law is to ….

Task 6. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the complex subject and complex object:

1. Administrative law is considered to be created by administrative agencies in the form of rules, regulations, orders, and decisions

2. In Criminal Law an act is said to be done maliciously if it is done intentionally without a just cause for excuse.

3. The parents expected the lawyer to justify their son.

4. Administrative law is thought to be of constitu­tional and political, as well as juridical, importance.

5. This man saw Mr. Smith running away from the crime scene.

6. In England felony appears to be punishable in the same way as misdemeanors.

Task 7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verb-forms:

1. The government aims not only to maintain order but also to achieve progress.

2. All states are pursuing the goals of modernization, urbanization and industrialization.

3. People in all countries are far more aware than their forefathers were of the impact of government on their daily lives and of its potential for good and evil.

4. All states irrespective of their economic and political system or of their stage of development are seeking to achieve a higher rate of economic growth and higher average income per person.

5. Wise government actions have raised the standard of living of the nation and brought about rapid social development.

Task 8. Answer the following questions.

1. How can you define the notion “administrative law”?

2. What law is closely connected with administrative law? Why?

3. What matters are regarded as matters of constitutional law and administrative law?