Unusual, visual, logical, serious, abnormal, complex, essential, major, various, separate
Write your own examples with the expressions you have made.
Vocabulary Commentary
I. According to psychology historian Morton Hunt, an experiment performed by the King of Egypt, as far back as the seventh century B.C., can be considered the first psychology experiment
According to:
used for saying where information or ideas have come from
According to newspaper reports, fighting has broken out in the northern provinces.
According to Freud, our dreams represent our hidden desires.
Synonyms: in someone’s opinion/terms/sight.
II. These philosophers considered important questions like what free will is, how the mind works and what the relationship of people to their society is.
Consider:
1. [intransitive/transitive] to think about something carefully before making a decision or developing an opinion
She paused and considered for a moment.
consider whether:
He is considering whether to accept another job offer.
consider doing something:
He’s considering buying a used car.
a. [transitive] to formally discuss something before making a decision about it
The committee met to consider issues relating to road maintenance.
The jury went out to consider its verdict.
Synonyms: discuss, talk, argue, debate, consult
2. [intransitive/transitive] to think that something may exist or may be true
consider the possibility:
Have you considered the possibility that he just doesn’t like you?
consider that:
He did not even consider that she might have a different idea.
Synonyms: imagine, suppose, think up, picture
3. [transitive] to have a particular opinion about someone or something
consider someone/something (to be) something:
We all considered him a hero.
They consider it inevitable that some jobs will be lost.
Remarks like this are generally considered to be unacceptable today.
Synonyms: think, believe in, say, hold
III. The experiment, itself, was flawed, but the king deserves credit for his idea that thoughts and language come from the mind and for his ambition to test such an idea.
Mind:
1. [countable/uncountable] the part of you that thinks, knows, remembers, and feels things:
His mind was full of the things he had seen that day.
Synonyms: intelligence, intuition, intellect, vision, common sense
a. your attention or thoughts
Can you say that again? My mind was on something else.
keep your mind on something:
I can’t keep my mind on work when it’s so sunny outside.
Synonyms: attention, regard
2. [singular] your intelligence and ability to understand things
a brilliant/keen mind
Her youngest child has a very enquiring mind (=is very interested in things and always asking questions).
My grandmother’s mind is failing.
Synonyms: intelligence, intuition, intellect, vision, common sense
a. [countable] someone who is very intelligent:
He is one of the finest minds in physics today.
Note that the corresponding adjective for the noun mind is mental
Brain:
1. [countable] the organ inside your head that allows you to think and feel, and controls your body:
The human brain is divided into two hemispheres.
The illness had affected his brain.
2. [countable] [often plural] mental ability or intelligence:
She felt that she could almost see his brain working.
You have to use your brains in this job.
have brains/a brain (=be intelligent):
He’s good-looking, and he’s got brains.
Synonyms: intelligence, intuition, intellect, vision, common sense
a. [countable] an intelligent person:
The best brains in the country have failed to solve this problem.
IV. Wundt wanted to apply the methodical, experimental methods of science to the study of human consciousness.
Apply
1. [intransitive] to make an official request for a job or a place in a college or university, or for permission to do or have something
We advertised three jobs, and over 50 people applied.
apply for:
Students can apply for money to help with their living costs.
apply to:
You have to apply to the passport office for a visa.
apply to do something:
Bill is applying to join the fire service.
2. [intransitive] to affect or be relevant to a particular person or thing
apply to:
The discount no longer applies to him, because he’s over eighteen.
3. [transitive] to use a particular method, process, law etc:
The trial judge had applied an incorrect principle of law.
apply something to something:
A similar technique can be applied to the treatment of cancer.
4. [transitive] to put a layer of something such as paint onto a surface:
Sara applied her lipstick carefully.
apply something to something:
Apply two coats of varnish to the table.
V. …in addition to their material technology, psychological experiments also involve a social technology.
Involve
1. to include something as a necessary part of an activity, event, or situation:
The course involves a great deal of hard work.
Most research and development projects involve some element of risk.
involve doing something:
The job involved working with a software development team.
Synonyms: include, take in, incorporate, count in
2. to include or affect someone or something in an important way:
Forty-six vehicles were involved in the accident.
There are reports of a violent incident involving local inhabitants and US troops.
3. to encourage or allow someone to take part in something:
It’s crazy to make these changes without involving the students.
involve someone in something:
The goal is to involve workers in the decision-making process.
Synonyms: encourage, persuade, convince, motivate
involve yourself in something:
It’s best not to involve yourself in other people’s private affairs.
Synonyms: join in, participate, join, do, engage in
involved in:
We were involved in the negotiations up until the last minute.
be/become/get involved:
We want all departments to be involved.
VI. More generally, the social technology of psychological experimentation with human subjects involves an elaborate set of rules and relationships which provides a social framework for the collection of psychological data.
Framework
a set of principles, ideas etc that you use when you are forming your decisions and judgments:
framework for:
a framework for the study of television’s effect on society
provide/establish/create a framework:
Einstein’s research provided much of the theoretical framework for particle physics.
Synonyms: approach, view, mind, perspective, viewpoint
a system of rules, laws, agreements etc that establish the way that something operates in business, politics, or society
framework of:
the democratic framework of society
within a framework:
A free market economy operates within a framework of minimal state intervention.
Activation exercises
Exercise 1.
Translate using the vocabulary of the unit:
1. Его считают хорошим специалистом в своей области.
2. Я считаю, что эту методику нельзя применять без учета возможных последствий.
3. В докладе он особо отметил тех, кто принимал участие в проекте.
4. В рамках этой научной концепции было предложено несколько интересных теорий.
5. По мнению Зигмунда Фрейда, человеческую психику можно рассматривать с точки зрения трех составляющих: эго, супер-эго и оно.
6. В рамках концепции бихевиоризма связь стимул - реакция применялась для объяснения поведения.
7. Мы подали заявку на новое оборудование, но ее все еще рассматривают.
8. Согласно инструкции, нужно нанести второй слой лака через двадцать минут.
9. Мы задействовали всех работников, чтобы успеть к поставленному сроку.
10. В манифенстации приняли участие широкие слои населения, и власти обеспокоены возможностью беспорядков.
Exercise 2.
Use mind or brain in the following sentences:
1. They studied ….. activity and the distribution of blood in different areas.
2. Behaviorists believed the …… could not be studied directly, and thus should be eliminated from the scope of scientific research.
3. He tried hard to keep his …… on the task at hand.
4. In order to solve this problem you need to employ your ….., or, more informally, use your ……..
5. In spite of her age she has a sharp ………..
6. Injuries to these parts of the ……… lead to aphasias or even paralysis.
Exercise 3.
Define the meaning of the idioms used in the passage:
Although a lot of highly qualified scientists worked at the research institute, people said that Dr Peters was the brains of the institution, and many renowned specialists outside it called him one of the best minds of the century. On several occasions whole research groups racked their brains over a contradictory issue until Dr Peters said that to his mind it was an easy matter. Nevertheless, he was not a snob. When his colleagues were in two minds about a scientific question, they could always come to him for advice. Moreover, he held weekly consultations, informally called “ Pick Peters’ brains ”. At the same time his co-workers knew that if he was dissatisfied, he would not hesitate to give them a piece of his mind. They were also aware that dates and arrangements often slipped his mind, and sometimes he would make up his mind on the procedure to be used one day only to change his mind a week later. In spite of it all, most people were of like mind about the matter: Dr Peters was a genius and, no less importantly, a wonderful man.
· The brains of
· To rack one’s brain
· To pick smb’s brains
· To give smb a piece of one’s mind
· To be in two minds about smth
· To be of like mind (of one/the same mind)
· To change one’s mind about smth
· To make up one’s mind
· To slip one’s mind
· To smb’s mind
Exercise 4.
What kind of research are you involved in? Would you like to get involved in research in a certain sphere of psychology? In another science? What spheres of psychology involve active and fruitful research at the moment? What fields of science are involved in the formation of the modern psychological perspective?
Synonym corner
I. The king wanted to test whether or not Egyptian was the oldest civilization on earth
One of the meanings of the verb to test is to examine something to find out if it is satisfactory, or if it has a particular quality – проверять, тестировать. What synonyms of the verb can you suggest? What is the difference between to test and to check? To test and to verify? To test and to control?
How can you test your hypothesis? What ways are there to verify the results of the experiment/research? Is control and monitoring necessary while conducting a psychological experiment? How can such control and monitoring be achieved? When can you say that the results of the experiment are reliable?
II. He regarded these as making possible a “mental chronometry”
Regard - to think of someone or something in a particular way – считать, рассматривать.
Think of words and word combinations which could be used with a close meaning. What is the difference between these synonyms? Which of them could be marked as literary, and which – as neutral? Make your own examples to illustrate the difference.
III. Within this framework, the roles of all participants in the experimental situation are strictly defined
Define - to describe clearly and exactly what something is; to explain the meaning of a word – определять, дать определение
Determine - to control what something will be; to calculate something, or to discover it by examining evidence – определять, устанавливать
a. Study the dictionary entries and explain the difference between the two verbs. Make your own examples to illustrate it.
b. Insert determine or define:
1. We need to _____ the reasons of the failure.
2. We _____ the reasons of the failure in the report at the conference.
3. Let’s first _____ the term ‘intelligence’.
4. This development was historically ______.
5. According to psychoanalysts, our past experiences _____ our present state.
6. At the meeting he _____ the responsibility of each manager.
7. He ______ the area of research in his first article.
Word-building
Calvin: I like to verb words.
Hobbes: What?
Calvin: I take nouns and adjectives and use them as verbs. Remember when "access" was a thing? Now, it's something you do. It got verbed. Verbing weirds language.
Hobbes: Maybe we can eventually make language a complete impediment to understanding.[1]
Wundt had many students and graduate assistants …
…the exploration of normal adult consciousness.
…can be considered the first psychology experiment.
Conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word formation; specifically, it is the creation of a word from an existing word without any change in form.
e.g. A city (noun) – city center (adj)
To buy (verb) – a buy (noun)
This pattern is very productive in modern English.
Verbification, or verbing, is the creation of a verb from a noun, adjective or other word. In English, verbification typically involves simple conversion of a non-verb to a verb. The verbs to verbify and to verb are themselves products of verbification, and — as might be guessed — the term to verb is often used more specifically, to refer only to verbification that does not involve a change in form.
Verbification may have a bad reputation with some English users because it is such a potent source of neologisms. Although most products of verbification are regarded as neologisms, and may meet considerable opposition from prescriptivist authorities, they are extremely common in colloquial speech, particularly specialized jargon, where words are needed to describe common actions or experiences.
a. Look up the meaning of the following verbs.
to gift, to diary, to fax, to fixture, to message, to example, to doughnut, to contact, to impact, to access, to party, to author, to transition, to privilege, to workshop.
b. In a single work day, you can head a task force, eye an opportunity, nose around for good ideas, mouth a greeting, elbow an opponent, strong-arm a colleague, shoulder the blame, stomach a loss, and finally hand in your resignation.