Министерство образования Республики Беларусь
Учреждение образования
«Гомельский государственный университет
Имени Франциска Скорины»
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ФОНЕТИКА
АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
Для студентов специальности
Английский язык»
Гомель
УО «ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины»
Министерство образования Республики Беларусь
Учреждение образования
«Гомельский государственный университет
Имени Франциска Скорины»
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ФОНЕТИКА
АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
Гомель
УО «ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины»
УДК 811.111 (075.8)
ББК 81.432.1-932.1
Б 484
Рецензенты:
С. И. Сокорева, доцент, кандидат педагогических наук;
кафедра теории и практики английского языка учреждения
образования «Гомельский государственный университет
имени Франциска Скорины»
Рекомендовано к изданию научно-методическим советом учреждения образования «Гомельский государственный университет имени Франциска Скорины»
Практическая фонетика английского языка: практическое
Б 484 пособие для студентов специальности 1 – 02 03 06 01 «Английский язык» / Н. В. Берещенко, Н. Л. Анфилова, Н. В. Насон, Н. Н. Павлова; М-во образования РБ,
Гомельский государственный университет им. Ф. Скорины. – Гомель: ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины, 2008. – 105 с.
ISBN
В пособии по курсу «Практическая фонетика английского языка» систематизируются звуковые явления английской речи, и дается углубленный анализ нормативных основ английской интонации. Все разделы пособия включают в себя теоретическую часть, а также тренировочные речевые упражнения. Пособие также содержит материал для дополнительной работы: скороговорки, стихотворения, диалоги, направленные на совершенствование произносительных навыков.
Практическое пособие адресуется студентам 2 и 3 курсов специальности 1 – 02 03 06 01 «Английский язык», прошедшим вводно-коррективный и основной курсы фонетики английского языка.
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1-932.1
ISBN © Берещенко Н. В., Анфилова Н. Л., Насон Н. В., Павлова Н. Н., 2008
© УО «ГГУ им. Ф. Скорины», 2008
Contents
Введение
Foreword to ESL Students ………………………………………
Unit 1 Sound revision. Vowels in Contrast ……………………
Unit 2 Sound revision. Consonants. Consonants in Contrast …..
Unit 3 Intonation ………………………………………………..
Unit 4 Basic Nuclear Tones of English …………………………
Unit 5 Utterance Stress …………………………………………
Unit 6 Rhythm ………………………………………………….
Unit 7 Types of Heads in English……………………………….
Unit 8 Basic Nuclear Patterns of English ………………………
Unit 9 Expressive Means of English Intonation…………………
Appendix ………………………………………………………..
Литература………………………………………………………
Введение
Цель пособия – совершенствование произносительных навыков студентов. В пособии систематизируются звуковые явления английской речи, и дается углубленный анализ нормативных основ английской интонации. Материал пособия излагается в девяти частях, охватывающих сегментную (части 1-2) и надсегментную (части 3-9) области фонетики. Все разделы пособия включают в себя теоретическую часть, а также тренировочные и речевые упражнения, направленные на правильное использование звуковых и интонационных моделей в различных речевых ситуациях. В состав пособия также входит приложение, которое содержит материал для дополнительной работы: пословицы и поговорки, скороговорки, стихотворения, предназначенные для выразительного чтения и заучивания наизусть. Пособие предназначается для студентов 2 и 3 курсов специальности 1 – 02 03 06 01 «Английский язык», прошедших вводно-коррективный и основной курсы фонетики английскогоязыка. Наличие имитационных моделей и интонационной разметки в упражнениях и текстах способствует развитию навыков самостоятельной работы и самоконтроля, что положительно влияет на интенсификацию учебного процесса.
Foreword to ESL students
Why you should study English pronunciation
First impressions
Pronunciation is definitely the biggest thing that people notice when you are speaking English.
When you meet a person, and you just say a sentence or two, do you think they will notice your poor vocabulary or bad grammar? Probably not. But they will notice if your pronunciation is good or bad. If your pronunciation is poor, they will immediately think about you as "the guy/girl who speaks bad English". Your pronunciation creates the first impression you make.
Communication
Good pronunciation should be one of the first things that you learn in English. You can live without advanced vocabulary — you can use simple words to say what you want to say. You can live without advanced grammar — you can use simple grammar structures instead. But there is no such thing as “simple pronunciation”. If you don't have good pronunciation, you have... bad pronunciation, and native speakers will have problems understanding you! Besides, if you start teaching English to other people, you will automatically transfer to them your poor way of speaking, for which nobody will ever be grateful to you.
There are three levels of English pronunciation:
- Level 1: People often don't understand what you want to say. You use the wrong sounds in English words, your intonation is incomprehensible, too.
- Level 2: People understand what you want to say, but it is unpleasant to listen to you.
- Level 3: People understand you, and your English is pleasant to listen to.
Level 3 will be called good pronunciation. Notice that good pronunciation is not "perfect British or American accent". You don't have to sound like the Queen of England or the President of the United States of America.
Why not? Because there are many regional kinds of English. In England, people from Birmingham, Newcastle, or Aberdeen speak English differently from people in London. In America, people from New York City, California, and Texas each have their own pronunciation. So it is no problem if you have your own accent.
But your accent must be close to the standards (British or American English). What does it mean? When you watch channels like EuroNews, BBC, CNN International, NBC, or Sky News you can hear many different people (news anchors, reporters, etc.) from Germany, France, and other non-English-speaking countries. They all have good accents — easy to understand and pleasant.
The rule is: If you are close to the standard, you can always communicate, and your English will be pleasant. If you are far from the standard, sometimes you won't communicate successfully. If you chew your sounds or use improper intonation, you may be misunderstood (for example, if your intonation is flat you will sound impolite or even hostile).
You are free to choose between three levels. Make up your mind – and make your Make up your mind – and make your choice! Level 1 needs no work, level 2 requires work, while level 3 demands real efforts! The course in pronunciation which is offered to you can help you make further steps in mastering your pronunciation.
Here are three jokes that illustrate what can happen to those who do not care how they sound.
1 A young man comes before the Customs agent
A: "State your citizenship."
B: "American" (pronounced with a Spanish accent).
A: "Hold on there, buddy. Say that again."
B: "I sed American."
A: "I'm going to give you a test."
B: "No, no senor, no need for test, I tell you I’m American."
A: "Yeah, sure buddy. OK, let's see,... I've got it. Make a sentence with the following colors: green, pink and yellow.
B: "Oh senor, I tell you I'm American. But OK, let's see... I was at my bruder-in-laws house and the phone went 'green, green, I pinked it up and sed yellow!"
2 The two beginning ESL students went to Honolulu on holiday. Soon they began to argue about the correct way to pronounce the word "Hawaii." One student insisted that it's Hawaii, with a "w" sound. The other student said it was pronounced like "Havaii," with a "v" sound. Finally, they saw an old native on the beach, and asked him which was correct. The old man said, “It's "Havaii." The student who was right was very happy, and thanked the old man. The old man said, "You're velcome."
3 Three ESL students are walking down the road to their remedial listening comprehension workshop.
"It's windy" says the first.
"No it isn't, it's Thursday" says the second.
"Me too." says the third, "Forget the listening, let's go for a drink!"
Unit 1 Sound revision. Vowels in contrast
Ex. 1 [ і: ]- [e] – [u:] – [ʊ] contrasted:
a) Practice the following sets of words observing the vowel length contrasts:
bean – Ben – baboon – book;
breathe – breath – broom – bull;
she – shed – shoo – shook;
wee – wet – woo – would;
heel – heather – hood – hook;
lean – leather – lose – loose;
knee – neck – noon – nook;
pea – pen – poodle – put;
key – kettle – cool – cooker;
b) Read the phrases paying attention to vowel length:
1 Looks a good book, Peter! It’s full of puzzles and riddles. 2 This is the season for weeds. But weeding isn’t for me. 3 Ruth is a nice person, never moody or rude. 4 There’s a mosquito on your arm, Celia. 5The ceilings of the cathedral were extremely high. 6 After mending the leak he felt dead with fatigue. 7 They are as different as chalk and cheese. 8 The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 9 Fortune favours fools. 10 An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
Ex. 2 [æ - ∧] contrasted:
back – buck;
pan - pun;
map - mug;
sample - summer;
practice - puddle;
patter - pumpkin;
rabbit - rubber;
racket – rubbish;
paddle – puddle;
battle – buckle;
sparrow – sputter;
narrow – nutty;
brandy – butter;
shadow – shuttle;
channel – chunky.
Ex. 3 [ɑ: - ∧] contrasted:
a)
barter – butter;
bargain – butter;
cardinal – customer;
class – cluster;
dark – dull;
larder – lucky;
marble – muddy;
staff – stuff;
rather – ruddy;
argument – ultimate;
chance – chuck;
charm – chump.
b)
1 He was banging and slamming on the piano for two hours. 2 My grandmother does not understand jazz. 3 During that awful autumn storm our apartment was flooded. 4 The water seemed to be coming from the front. 5 If I’d been a duck, I could’ve swum. 6 Martha was an awful bore, but Cathy was marvellous. 7 Duncan couldn’t help laughing. 8 Lucky in cards, unlucky in love. 9 What’s done cannot be undone. 10 May as well be hanged for a sheep as a lamb.
Ex. 4 [ɑ: - ɒ - ɔ: - ǝʊ] contrasted:
a)
part – pot – paw – pole;
spark – spot – sport – spoke;
tart – stock – torn –tone;
lark – lock – lawn – loan;
barn – Bonnie – born – bone;
shark – shock – shore – show;
yard – yacht – yearn – joke;
jar – jolly – jaw – joke;
heart – hot – haunt – home.
b)
1 The wasp that’s trapped in the jar of blackcurrant jam is buzzing angrily. 2 Thank you very much for coming to pay back that money you borrowed on Monday, Danny. 3 While cutting up lamb the drunken butcher hacked off his thumb with a hatchet. 4 My husband had a double brandy, my mother wanted apple juice, but I drank champagne. 5 The stars are sparkling. My heart is enchanted. 6 Charlie’s making a pass at Martha. He can’t start making a pass until after the dance. 7 Bart is nothing but a money-grubber. 8 Joanna’s strawberry jam is fabulous. 9 George Bernard Shaw famously saidthat the British and the Americans were "two nations separated by a common language". 10 The tongue is not steel, yet it cuts.
Ex. 5 [ɜ:] – [ ɔ:]- [ ǝʊ] contrasted:
a)
Work – walk – woke;
burn – born – bone;
ugh – awe – oh;
curb – core – code;
learn – lawn – alone;
thirsty – thorn – those;
firm – form – foam;
blur – lore – blow;
churn – chore – chose;
shirt – short – show;
turn – tore – toe;
worm – warm – vogue.
b)
1 It was Bertha’s turn to rehearse. 2 Josie was getting worse those days. 3 George was allergic to bees and worms. 4 Maud had never heard of such scandalous things before. 5 Rosie thought she caught a turtle. 6 You can take a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink. 7 It’s the early bird that catches the worm. 8 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 9 If wishes were horses, Beggars would ride; If turnips were watches, I would wear one by my side. 10 Mr. Lynn is very thin; Mr. Pratt is very fat; Mr. Cort is very short; Mr. Hall is very tall; Mr. Dent is very bent; Mr. Wait is very straight; Mr. Might is very bright; Mr. Tate is always late!
Ex. 6 Read the text. Work out the pronunciation for each word or phrase.
1 Let's face it - English is a crazy language.
2 There is no egg in an eggplant nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple.
3 Sweetmeats are candies, while sweetbreads, which aren't sweet, are meat.
4 You park in the driveway but you drive on the parkway.
5 When the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible.
6 Trees are cut down, and then they are cut up.
7 When you want to shut down your computer you have to hit “START!!”
8 How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and a wise guy are opposites?
Ex. 7 Practice the tongue-twister:
She sells sea shells on the seashore. And the shells that she sells are sea shells, I’m sure.
Ex. 8 [ɑ: - aʊ - aɪ - ǝʊ ] contrasted:
are – owl – eye – owe;
raft – row – rye – row;
tarn – town – type – toe;
nasty – now – night – now;
spa – spout – spy – spoke;
star – stout – sty – stone;
ma – mound – my – moat;
dark – down – dye – doe.
Ex. 9 [aʊ - ɔɪ - eǝ – iǝ] contrasted:
a)
bow - boy – bare – beer;
howl – hoister – hair – hear;
cow – coy – care – fear;
towel – toilet – tear (n) – tear (n, v);
chow– choice – chair – cheer;
scout – coin – care – spear;
shout - pound – point – pear – peer;
fowl – foil – fare – fear;
wow – void – wear - veer.
b)
1 You needn’t shout so loud. We don’t want a crowd to gather round the house. 2 I can’t count one hundred owls. 3 He is an experienced interior decorator. 4 During the holidays many tourists go to Europe. 5 Mary always wears a nice pair of shoes. 6 Her parents were infuriated. 7 I’d add my voice to anyone fighting for his rights. 8 He’s been without a job so long that he’s past caring. 9 Tommy’s tears and Mary’s fears will make them old before their years. 10 Howard made a mountain out of a molehill.
Reading
Interview advice
If you happen to face a job-of-your-dream interview, here is some good advice.
Leave nothing to chance. Prepare any unthinkable scenario. There is no replacement for hard work especially when you get only one shot. Project a good image. Take your cue from the interviewer. Keep it positive and do not stress out about it. Do not adopt a deer-in-the-headlights look if you get hit with one of those funky queries. Stimulate your creative juices. Have a spiel for every single question they could possibly ask you.
Look critically at yourself: Do you have a booger popping out of your nose, or are you presentable?