МИНИСТЕРСТВО ВНУТРЕННИХ ДЕЛ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ КАЗЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ
УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«ОРЛОВСКИЙ ЮРИДИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ МИНИСТЕРСТВА
ВНУТРЕННИХ ДЕЛ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ИМЕНИ В.В. ЛУКЬЯНОВА»
Кафедра иностранных и русского языков
Хрестоматия
Для самостоятельной работы курсантов
По английскому языку
Орел
ОрЮИ МВД России имени В.В. Лукьянова
Хрестоматия для самостоятельной работы курсантов по английскому языку/ сост.: Л.Р. Щербенко. – Орел: ОрЮИ МВД России имени В.В. Лукьянова, 2015. - 120 с.
Обсуждена и одобрена на заседании кафедры иностранных и русского языков 29 июля 2015 г. (протокол № 17).
Хрестоматия представляет собой сборник текстов для чтения на английском языке и является одним из компонентов учебно-методических материалов, предназначенных для самостоятельной работы курсантов 1 курса.
Цель хрестоматии – совершенствование языковых знаний обучающихся и развитие навыков перевода оригинальной литературы общекультурного характера.
© Орловский юридический институт
МВД России имени В.В. Лукьянова, 2015 г.
Содержание
Часть 1 ………………………………………………………………….4
Часть 2…………………………………………………………………46
Part I
Unit 1
History of England
|
England became inhabited more than 800,000 years ago, as the discovery of flint tools and footprints at Happisburgh in Norfolk has revealed. The earliest evidence for early modern humans in North West Europe, a jawbone discovered in Devon at Kents Cavern in 1927, was re-dated in 2011 to between 41,000 and 44,000 years old. Continuous human habitation dates to around 13,000 years ago, at the end of the last glacial period. The region has numerous remains from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age. In the Iron Age, England, like all of Britain south of the Firth of Forth, was inhabited by the Celtic people known as the Britons, but also by some Belgae tribes in the south east. In AD 43 the Roman conquest of Britain began; the Romans maintained control of their province of Britannia until the 5th century.
The end of Roman rule in Britain facilitated the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, which historians often regard as the origin of England and of the English people. The Anglo-Saxons, a collection of various Germanic peoples, established several kingdoms that became the primary powers in present-day England and parts of southern Scotland. They introduced the Old English language, which largely displaced the previous British language. The Anglo-Saxons warred with British successor states in Wales, Cornwall, and the Hen Ogledd (Old North), as well as with each other. Raids by Vikings became frequent after about AD 800, and the Norsemen settled in large parts of what is now England. During this period several rulers attempted to unite the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, an effort that led to the emergence of the Kingdom of England by the 10th century.
In 1066 a Norman expedition invaded and conquered England. The Norman Dynasty established by William the Conqueror ruled England for over half a century before the period of succession crisis known as the Anarchy (1135-1154). Following the Anarchy, England came under the rule of the House of Plantagenet, a dynasty which later inherited claims to the Kingdom of France; a succession crisis in France led to the Hundred Years Wars (1337–1453), a series of conflicts involving the peoples of both nations. Following the Hundred Years Wars, England became embroiled in its own succession wars; the War of the Roses pitted two branches of the House of Plantagenet against one another, the House of York and the House of Lancaster. The Lancastrian Henry Tudor ended the War of the Roses and established the Tudor dynasty in 1485.
Under the Tudors and the later Stuart dynasty, England became a world colonial power. During the rule of the Stuarts, England fought the English Civil War, which resulted in the execution of King Charles I (1649) and the establishment of a series of republican governments, first a Parliamentary republic known as the Commonwealth of England (1649-1653), then a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell known as The Protectorate (1653-1659). The Stuarts returned to the restored throne in 1660, though continued questions over religion and power resulted in the deposition of another Stuart king, James II, in the Glorious Revolution (1688). England, which had conquered Wales in the 13th century, united with Scotland in 1707 to form a new sovereign state called Great Britain. Following the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain ruled a worldwide Empire, the largest in recorded history. Following a process of decolonisation in the 20th century the vast majority of the empire became independent; however, as of 2015[update] its cultural impact remains widespread and deep in many countries.
Notes
Firth of Forth - зал. Ферт-оф-Форт
AD -н.э., нашей эры; Р.Х., от Рождества Христова
successor states - пол., юр. государство-правопреемник (государство, которое унаследовало часть территории другого государства и приняло вместе с этим на себя его обязательства)
The Norsemen - норманн, викинг (древний скандинав)
inherited claims – унаследовали претензии
Prehistory
Stone Age
Stonehenge, erected in several stages from c.3000-1500BC
The time from Britain's first inhabitation until the last glacial maximum is known as the Old Stone Age, or Palaeolithic. Archaeological evidence indicates that what was to become England was colonised by humans long before the rest of the British Isles because of its more hospitable climate between and during the various glacial periods of the distant past. This earliest evidence, from Happisburgh in Norfolk, includes the oldest human footprints found outside Africa and points to dates of more than 800,000 BP. These earliest inhabitants were hunter-gatherers, who survived by hunting game and gathering edible plants. The last Ice Age ended around 10,000 BC, and England has been inhabited ever since. This marks the beginning of Middle Stone Age, or Mesolithic. Rising sea-levels cut Britain off from the continent for the last time around 6500 BC. The population by this period were exclusively of our own species of the genus Homo, Homo sapiens, and the evidence would suggest that their societies were increasingly complex and they were manipulating their environment. Simple projectile weapons would have been the main tools of the hunt, such as the javelin and possibly the sling. The bow and arrow was also known in Western Europe from at least 9000 BC.
The New Stone Age, or Neolithic, begins with the introduction of farming, ultimately from the Middle East, around 4000 BC. People began to cultivate crops and rear animals, and overall lead a more settled lifestyle. Monumental collective tombs were built to house the dead in the form of chambered cairns and long barrows, and towards the end of the period other kinds of monumental stone alignments begin to appear, such as Stonehenge. More extensive woodland clearance took place to make way for fields and pastures.
Notes
(BP) Before Present - До настоящего времени (также до наших дней или ВР, b. p.) — система летоисчисления, используемая в археологии, геологии и других науках для записи дат, относящихся к прошлому.
to hunt game - охотиться на дичь
BC (сокр. от Before Christ) - до нашей эры
sling - праща
Unit 2
Later Prehistory
View of the ramparts of the developed hillfort of Maiden Castle, Dorset, as they look today
The Bronze Age begins around 2500 BC with the first appearance of bronze objects in the archaeological record. This coincides with the appearance of the characteristic Beaker culture; again it is unknown whether this was brought about primarily by folk movement or by cultural assimilation, and again it may be a mixture of both. The Bronze Age sees a shift of emphasis from the communal to the individual, and the rise to prominence of increasingly powerful elites, whose power was enshrined in the control of the flow of precious resources, to manipulate tin and copper into high-status bronze objects such as swords and axes, and their prowess as hunters and warriors. Settlement became increasingly permanent and intensive. Towards the end of the period, numerous examples of extremely fine metalwork begin to be found deposited in rivers, presumably for ritual reasons and perhaps reflecting a progressive shift of emphasis away from the sky and back to the earth, as a rising population increasingly put the land under greater pressure. England largely also becomes in this period bound up with the Atlantic trade system, which created something of a cultural continuum over a large part of Western Europe. It is possible that the Celtic languages developed or spread to England as part of this system; by the end of the Iron Age at the very least there is ample evidence that they were spoken across the whole of England, as well as the Western parts of Britain.
The Iron Age is conventionally said to begin around 800 BC. The Atlantic system had by this time effectively collapsed, although England maintained contacts across the Channel with France, as the Hallstatt culture became widespread across the country. The overall picture of continuity suggests this was not accompanied by any substantial movement of population; crucially, only a single Hallstatt burial is known from Britain, and even here the evidence is inconclusive. On the whole burials largely disappear across England, the dead being disposed of in a way which is archaeologically invisible: excarnation is a widely cited possibility. Hillforts were known since the Late Bronze Age, but a huge number were constructed in the period 600–400 BC, particularly in the South; after about 400 however new ones largely cease to be built and a large number cease to be regularly inhabited, while a smaller number of others become more and more intensively occupied, suggesting a degree of regional centralisation. It is around this time that the earliest mentions of Britain begin to appear in the annals of history. The first historical mention of the region is from the Massaliote Periplus, a sailing manual for merchants thought to date to the 6th century BC, and Pytheas of Massilia wrote of his exploratory voyage to the island around 325 BC. Both of these texts are now lost; although quoted by later writers, not enough survives to inform the archaeological interpretation to any significant degree.
Contact with the continent was generally at a lower point than in the Bronze Age, although it was not insignificant. Continental goods continued to make their way into England throughout the period, although with a possible hiatus from around 350–150 BC. Numerous armed invasions of hordes of migrating Celts are no longer considered to be realistic, although there are two known invasions. Around 300 BC, it appears that a group from the Gaulish Parisii tribe took over East Yorkshire, establishing the highly distinctive Arras culture; and from around 150–100 BC, groups of Belgae began to control significant parts of the South. These invasions would have constituted movements of a relatively small number of people who established themselves as a warrior elite at the top of pre-existing native systems, rather than any kind of total wipeout. The Belgic invasion was on a much larger scale than the Parisian settlement; however the continuity of pottery style demonstrates clearly that the native population basically remained in place under new rulers. All the same, it was accompanied by significant socio-economic change. Proto-urban, or even urban settlements, known as oppida, begin to eclipse the old hillforts, and an elite whose position is based on battle-prowess and the ability to manipulate resources re-appears much more distinctly.
In 55 and 54 BC, Julius Caesar, as part of his campaigns in Gaul, invaded Britain and claimed to have scored a number of victories, but he never penetrated further than Hertfordshire and was unable to establish a province. However, his invasions do mark a turning-point in British history. Control of trade, the flow of resources and prestige goods, became ever more important to the elites of Southern Britain; as the provider of relatively limitless wealth and patronage, Rome steadily became the biggest player in all their dealings. In such a system, with retrospect it is clear that a full-scale invasion and ultimate annexation was inevitable.
Notes
Archaeological records – археологические свидетельства
beaker– чаша, кубок
at the very least there is ample evidence – по крайней мере есть достаточно доказательств
excarnation – экскарнация (отделение, удаление мяса, мягких тканей от скелетной основы)
hillfort – крепость на холме или возвышенности
The Massaliote Periplus or Massaliot Periplus –это название утерянного руководства для торговцев, датирующегося, возможно, 6-м веком до н.э, описывающего морские маршруты из Финикии
Periplus - Пери́плы — вид древнегреческой литературы, в котором описываются морские путешествия и морские плавания вдоль берегов.
Pytheas of Massilia – Пифей из Массилии(совр. Марсель), IV в. до н. э., греческий мореплаватель, географ и первооткрыватель
took over - захватили
oppida (от лат. Oppidum –укрепленный город (у римлян); фортификационное сооружение) - города
Hertfordshire - Хартфордшир (графство Англии)
Unit 3
Genetic history of the English
The Roman historian Tacitus wrote in his Agricola, completed in 98 AD, that the various groupings of Britons shared physical characteristics with continental peoples. The Caledonians, inhabitants of what is now Scotland, had red hair and large limbs, indicating a Germanic origin; the Silures, inhabitants of what is now South Wales, were swarthy with curly hair, indicating a link with the Iberians of the Roman provinces of Hispania, in what is now Portugal and Spain; and the Britons nearest the Gauls of mainland Europe resembled the Gauls. This is a gross oversimplification which nonetheless holds fairly true to the present day. Some archaeologists and geneticists have challenged the long-held assumption that the invading Anglo-Saxons wiped out the native Britons in England when they invaded, pointing instead to the possibility of a more limited folk movement bringing a new language and culture which the natives gradually assimilated.
Debate however is ongoing surrounding the ultimate origins of the people of the British Isles. In 2003 and 2006 respectively, Bryan Sykes and Stephen Oppenheimer both championed the idea of continuity ever since the Mesolithic period, with a substantial input from the East during the Neolithic. More recently this view has been contested, by pointing out that the haplotypes which Sykes and Oppenheimer associated with Spain hailed ultimately from Asia Minor. This might be more consistent with some kind of Neolithic wipe out, however it is impossible to date this gene flow. Other theories have proposed an even more substantial input in the Early Bronze Age than was previously thought. Ultimately, the genetics have in fact not yet told us anything new. Researchers at University College of London have conducted genetic tests which confirm biological differences between the English and the Welsh, with the native English population having DNA which correlates to others found in Germanic parts of Northern Europe traceable through their Y chromosome.
Notes
Agricola «О жизни и характере Юлия Агри́колы» (в современном переводе А. С. Бобовича — «Жизнеописание Юлия Агриколы»; лат. De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae) — сочинение древнеримского историка Публия Корнелия Тацита, в котором он описал биографию своего тестя Гнея Юлия Агриколы.
Britons - Бри́тты, кельтские племена, составлявшие основное население Британии с VIII века до н. э. по V век н. э. До римского завоевания жили общинно-родовым строем.
Caledonians - Каледонцы, каледонии, калидоны, - название, которое римские историки дали группе аборигенных народов Шотландии в эпоху железного века, которых римляне первоначально причисляли к бриттам, однако позднее отнесли к пиктам.
Silures – Силуры - кельтское племя, занимавшее в эпоху железного века земли в современном южном Уэльсе (территории традиционных графств Монмутшир, Гламорган и Брекнокшир, вероятно, также восточную часть Кардиганшира и Кармартеншира).
Iberians - Ибе́ры - народ, живший на территории современной Испании, примерно с III-го тысячелетия до нашей эры.
Gauls - Га́ллы — племена кельтской группы, жившие на территории Галлии (нынешней Франции, Бельгии, части Швейцарии, Германии и Северной Италии) с начала V в. до н. э. до римского периода. Они говорили на одном из континентальных кельтских языков — галльском.
Continuity- преемственность
haplotypes - Гаплотип (сокр. от «гаплоидный генотип») — совокупность аллелей на локусах одной хромосомы, обычно наследуемых вместе.
Roman Britain
Hadrian's Wall viewed from Vercovicium
After Caesar's expeditions, the Romans began their real attempt to conquer Britain in 43 AD, at the behest of the Emperor Claudius. They landed in Kent, and defeated two armies led by the kings of the Catuvellauni tribe, Caratacus and Togodumnus, in battles at the Medway and the Thames. Togodumnus was killed, and Caratacus fled to Wales. The Roman force, led by Aulus Plautius, then halted as Plautius sent for Claudius to come and finish the campaign. When Claudius arrived he led the final march on the Catuvellauni capital at Camulodunum (modern Colchester), before returning to Rome again for his triumph. The Catuvellauni at this time held sway over the most of the southeastern corner of England; eleven local rulers surrendered, a number of client kingdoms were established, and the rest became a Roman province with Camulodunum as its capital.
Over the next four years, the territory was consolidated and the future emperor Vespasian led a campaign into the Southwest where he subjugated two more tribes. By 54 AD the border had been pushed back to the Severn and the Trent, and campaigns were underway to subjugate Northern England and Wales. In 60 AD however, under the leadership of the warrior-queen Boudicca, the tribes rose in revolt against the Romans. Camulodunum was burned to the ground, as well as Londinium and Verulamium, there is some archaeological evidence that the same happened at Winchester as well, and the Second Legion Augusta, stationed at Exeter, refused to move for fear of revolt among the locals there as well. The governor however, Suetonius Paulinus, marched back from his campaign in Wales to face Boudicca in battle. There was a substantial engagement, somewhere along the line of Watling Street, at the end of which Boudicca was utterly defeated. The province was pacified once more.
Over the next twenty years the borders expanded but little, but the governorship of Agricola saw the last pockets of independence in Wales and Northern England finally incorporated into the province. He also led a campaign into Scotland, but from these conquests he was recalled by the Emperor Domitian, and the border gradually solidified along the line of the Stanegate in Northern England. Hadrian's Wall was built along this line in 138 AD; apart from a number of temporary forays into Scotland, this was now the border. The Romans, and their culture, were here to stay; over the course of their three hundred and fifty years in charge, England's landscape would become ubiquitously impregnated with traces of their presence.
Notes
at the behest of the Emperor Claudius – по воле императора Клавдия
Catuvellauni - Катувеллауны — одно из сильнейших кельтских племён в Британии, входивших в группу белгов
Caratacus – Каратак - исторический персонаж, вождь бриттского племени катувеллаунов, по преданию, сын короля Кунобелина из Каталодунума
Togodumnus – Тогодумн сын Кунобелина, вождя кельтского племени тринобатов, обитавшего на юге Британии
Camulodunum (modernColchester) - Камулодун - главный город триновантов на территории современного Эссекса, Англия, ныне Колчестер
helds way– правил, властвовал, господствовал
client kingdoms – зависимые королевства, королевства -сателлиты
warrior - queen Boudicca - Бо́удикка (Бо́удика, или Бу́дика, ум. 61 г.) королева, жена Прасутага, тигерна зависимого от Римабриттского племени иценов, проживавшего в районе современного Норфолка на востоке Англии. После смерти мужа римские войска заняли её земли, а император Нерон лишил её титула, что побудило её возглавить антиримское восстание 61 года
Londinium- Лондиниум, Лондиний или Лондониум (ныне Лондон) — город в Римской Британии, основанный около 43 года н. э. Он был основным центром торговли и власти в Римской Британии с конца II века до её разгрома в V веке
Verulamium - Верула́миум, а также: Верула́ниум, Верула́мий, Верула́нум, часто сокращается Ве́рулам - исторический город в Британии, нынешний Сент-Олбанс
Exeter - Э́ксетер — главный город английского графства Девоншир, на судоходной реке Экс, в 15 км выше её впадения в Ла-Манш
Suetonius Paulinus – Гай Светоний Паулин - римский претор, военачальник, правитель Британии (58-62), затем, совместно с Гаем Лукцием Телезином консул Римской империи
Watling Street – Уотлинг стрит – название древней дороги в Англии и Уэльсе, использующейся до наших дней. Изначально проходила между современными городами Кентербери и Сент-Олбанс. В настоящее время идет от Дувра через Лондон до Врокстера
The Stanegate - ("stone road") важная Римская дорога, построенная на территории нынешней северной Англии
Hadrian's Wall- Вал Адриана («Стена Адриана») оборонительное укрепление длиной 117 км, построенное римлянами при императоре в 122—126 годы для предотвращения набегов пиктов и бригантов с севера. Пересекает северную Англию от Ирландского (залив Солуэй-Ферт) до Северного (крепость Сигидунум (Segedunum) у реки Тайн) морей у границы с Шотландией. Наиболее выдающийся памятник античности в Великобритании.
Unit 4