History of development
idea of creating smart house first appeared in USA. Rich and successful Americans started equipping their houses with electronic devices in 1950th.Buildings first appeared as a complex solution. The base of these buildings was cable structured networks. The system allowed using one cable for several purposes, such as: phone line, computer network, security systems and etc. Later, this system was developed into multiplex system, which allowed transferring different data through one cable at the same time. The speed of the cable system development was so fast that by the end of house building the system became old.of the development in this sphere seemed more than very profitable, organizations spent huge amount of money on this. As a result, the idea of smart house appeared.1978, the first companies who used this idea were X10 USA and Leviton. They developed technology for controlling home appliances by using home wires. In X10 system the role of receivers play devices and appliances, and remote controls or keypads play the role of transmitters. Nowadays, X10 is considered as an old system, because it was created for controlling lighting devices and supported only six commands of charge control. However it was not enough create smart house. In the attempts to find the solution a lot of companies joined into EIA (Electronics Industry Alliance). This group developed CEBus (Consumer Electronic Bus) standard, which was approved in 1992. Now this standard is open, and every company can produce equipment which uses CEBus protocol. The main advantage of CEBus, comparing to X10, is the speed of data exchange, which achieves 10 kbt/sec, not depending on the type of medium.of the first smart houses was built in Japan. It is a house of Ken Sakamura, an associate professor at the Univesity of Tokiyo’s department of information science. He called his brainchild TRON (The Real-time Operating system Nucleus). He designed this house as an experimental project. He developed with the time: used new technologies, added new gadgets. The sensors opened the windows when there was a pleasant breeze from the sea, and closed them when there was a storm. If the radio played very loud, system automatically closed the windows, so the sound will not disturb neighbors. These principles nowadays are as a base systems, which exist in every smart house. (Gilmore)wires are not so popular. So more modern systems operate by using radiowaves, wi-fi or cell phone signals. The two most popular and practical radio networks are ZigBee and Z-Wave. These networks are referred to the mesh networks. The principle of mesh networks is that the message sent from remote control or control panel have more than one way to get to its destination.Wave uses a Source Routing Algorithm to determine the fastest way for messages. There is a code in each Z-Wave device. When it is plugged into the system, the network controller reads the code, analyzes it, recognizes, determines its location and adds to its network. After the command was sent, controller, with the help of algorithm makes a decision how to send a message.’s name says it all for itself. By using this technology the messages are sent on the zigzag path like bees, finding the best way to receiver. ZigBee has one advantage comparing to Z-Wave. If a company wants to built a ZigBee-compatible product, it does not need to pay any licensing fees. (“How Smart Homes Work: Smart Home Software and Technology.”)
and “smart house” systems
systems are divided into two categories. The first category refers to building management systems. BMS are the systems which control building’s mechanical and electrical equipment, such as lightening, ventilation, climate control and etc. All the controls are implemented by the central computer. As a rule these systems use centralized control. Usually these systems are used in offices and big industrial firms.“BMS” as a term is relatively new and its concept was introduced in 1970. The term really existed since the introduction of complex electronic devices that are capable of collecting data for the purpose of managing services such as power, lighting, heating and etc. Early terms of BMS were BAS (Building Automation System) and EMS (Energy Management System). BMS was something very new, which allowed changing analog signals to digital. By this change signals could be sent to longer distances.BMS, different electromechanical systems were used in controlling building. Usually there were panels with manual switches or lamp indicators. Also alarms were used to help workers finding failures. The progress in signal communication technology allowed the evolution from hard home wires to very fast IP based cable.systems usually include:
· Power systems (electric power system)
· Illumination system
· HVAC system (Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning)
· Security and observation system
· Magnetic card and access system
· Fire alarm system.
Generally the systems work in the following way. A lot of sensors are connected to the central system. These sensors collect different information. Some sensors collect the data about the temperature in the house and outside as well. Others gather information about the level of the light in each room. There are even sensors which control the speed of air in the airshaft. After collecting all the data from the detectors, system analyzes them and makes a decision depending on the settings installed by the operator. In its decision it usually decides where to allocate this or other electricity power.the emergency conditions the system automatically stops all the processes in the damaged area. The operator who is looking after the system is immediately informed about the problem, by the special indicator on the screen. System also shows precise location and automatically calls repair force.though these systems are expensive, they compensate all the money paid for them by the economy of the energy and electricity. For example if in winter it is warmer than usually the system automatically changes the temperature in the rooms. Operator also can program the system so, that during the night heating system will be off, and just an hour before all employees come to their work places it warms the rooms up. The use of BMS saves money not only for energy and electricity but also for the hiring a lot of workers. The firm does not need a lot of specialists to control the whole complex. It needs just one operator who will be near the controlling computer to watch over the system.as all other systems BMS has its own disadvantages. It is impossible to add more and more new devices without affecting working speed of the system. The more devices you connect to the central computer, the slower it will work. That’s why usually these systems are used to control big and anthropogenic constructions. For home usage more comfortable the systems of the second category.systems are called “smart houses”. They are very popular in the living buildings where on the first place there is a comfort: in apartments, in big office centers, in houses. But the most popular in using “smart house” systems are cottages. Controlling temperature, light and atmosphere in 4 staged house is very difficult. Automatics here is a very useful helper. It is irreplaceable in the apartment with more than 3-4 rooms. “Smart house” allows you to feel comfortable wherever you are. Comfort is achieved by not doing some process manually, which can be done automatically. For example by the time owner of the house comes home, the system automatically regulates the lighting, warms up the dinner and fills the bath. But this does not mean that from now on the person is a hostage of the system. When needed he can control everything by using remote controls, or controlling panels built-in the walls. Also you can control stability through smart phone, lap top or PC.system is also able to control effective usage of resources. When sensor detects enough light in the room it automatically turns off all the lights that are not needed now. Motion detector will turn on the light when you enter the bathroom or cellar, and timer will turn it off after some time if it will not detect any motion for set period of time.house can have decentralized system or system which is controlled by one central computer. The former means that system does not have any central point where all signals are gathered and analyzed. In this case all devices are connected to one common line. With the help of this line all devices communicate with each other. To think, all switches in “smart house” are the elements of the system. In a common house without this system, the switch just closes the contact. While in “smart house”, pushing on the button sends a signal to a lamp and there it is decides whether to make light brighter or vice versa to make more romantic atmosphere. In the second case, when “smart house” has centralized system, all the detectors send the data to the central computer. This computer processes everything, analyzes and then makes a decision. “Smart house” feels and analyzes everything what is happening in the house and outside of it, and corresponds to it respectively. The only disadvantage of this system for this moment is that it is very expensive and not each of us can afford it. (“Building Management System”.)
Smart House works
, ZigBee and Z-Wave just provide the technology for smart house communication. Manufactures made alliances with these systems to produce products that will support the technology. For example cameras, with their help person can watch every sector of his house. Video door phone will help you to see who is knocking on your door without standing up from the sofa. You just need to turn on special channel on TV and that is it. From the same position just with a help of remote control you can open the door.sensors. Motion sensors can really help you in saving electricity. When sensor does not detect any motion in the room, it automatically turns off the light and all unnecessary devices. Sensors are developed so much that they even can distinguish pets from thefts. But if you have smart house thefts will not be to enter it, because every smart house has security system. When you leave home you turn on the security mode or you can program your system to turn on security mode right after when the door closes after you.through which you can control all the processes in house:
· Remote control
· Keypad
· Computer (even if you are in the office, by using internet you can see what is happening in your home)
· Mobile phone
· Wall panels.
One more good thing about smart houses is that you can have as many or as little devices as you want. Everything is up to the owner of the house. But person should be very careful, if he uses devices that work on the same system, no matter it is from different manufacturers or from one manufacturer, it is ok. But if he wants devices that work on different systems he will need bridging device.
Multiroom
To increase the sense of comfort, designers came with an idea of multiroom. Multiroom system- is a system of transferring audio or/and video signal from one or several sources, which are situated in one room, to the acoustic systems and TVs in every point of the house. The access to the system can be from any room. As was mentioned before, each room is equipped with an built-in wall sensor panel, which has all the controls in itself. If you want to change the song you can just come to this panel and change it, without going to the room where the source is. Moreover if you have remote control, you can change it even from the coach.this system helps not only to decrease expenses for expensive equipment. It also solves the problem of installing this in the rooms where it is impossible.example if you want to listen to your favorite music while taking a shower, without multiroom you will need to put speakers there, isolate all wires and etc. But if you use multi room this is not problem anymore. Speakers are waterproof and built-in ceiling. And if you have waterproof TV you can even watch videos while lying in the bath.using this system you can create special atmosphere in each room, or in the house as a whole. You can vary the music in each room or groups of rooms. By putting favorite pleasant music on the background you create your own comfort. And everything is controlled by panels on the wall or by remote control.exist not only as a part of smart house but also as a separate system, which can be installed in usual apartment. Some people call multiroom as a “smart house for non rich”. The main difference between “smart house” and multiroom is that you can use all the abilities of this room right after installation and you have all necessary conditions into its future development. It means that you can buy the simplest multiroom system at the beginning and the year by year develop it by adding new devices and improving old ones.system in not just-in house system. It can be also applied in the garden. So when you want to sit outside of the house you still can control what do you want to listen to.multirooms developed to the system that allows you not only for transferring audio or/and video signals, but also for communicating from room to room. From living room you can video call to your wife in kitchen and ask what is for dinner today. Also this system is used to see who came to your house. When visitor rings the door bell the camera turns on automatically, so that from your sofa you can see who is your guest.
Despite this system looks very complicated it is very easy to use. Wall panels have very simple interface which can be understood by anyone. (“Multiroom Systems.”; “Что Такое Multiroom? [What is Multiroom?].”)
Price of smart house
you decide what devices to put n your house, the price also varies. “One builder estimates that his clients spend between $10 000 and $250 000 for sophisticated systems. If you build the smart home gradually, starting with a basic lighting system, it might only be a few hundred dollars. A more sophisticated system will be tens of thousands of dollars, and elements of home theater systems raise the cost of a system about 50 percent.” (“How Smart Homes Work: Setting up a Smart Home.”)an example of how the smart house can look like I want to make a small excursion to the house of one of the most well-known person in the IS sphere - Bill Gates.