1. До заполнения колонок глоссария рекомендуем найти все термины из полученного Вами списка в тексте юнита и выделить предложения, в которых они используются (можно в дальнейшем использовать как пример).
2. При поиске произношения и определения воспользуйтесь бесплатными англо-английскими онлайн-словарями (Oxford (содержит более общие термины и простые определения), Merriam-Webster (содержит более узкие термины, но с более комплексными определениями и не предоставляет произношение)).
3. В колонку Pronunciation следует занести транскрипцию слова из англо-английского словаря.
4. При работе с колонкой Definition стоит понимать, что в английском языке у многих слов есть несколько значений, но Вас интересует только одно из них. Для сужения круга поиска нужной дефиниции стоит воспользоваться предложением из п.1 для определения контекста.
5. В колонку Example можно занести любое предложение из учебника Thesaurus of Student-Physicist с этим термином, либо примеры из словаря.
6. В колонку Russian внесите перевод термина. В случае, если термины были Вами проработаны на занятии, то записать стоит тот перевод, который Вам дал преподаватель. Если термины прорабатываются Вами самостоятельно, то можно воспользоваться любым бесплатным англо-русским онлайн-словарем. При выборе перевода также стоит опираться на предыдущие колонки. Учтите, что термины очень точны и сильных вариаций в переводе как правило не существует. При поиске перевода рекомендуем пользоваться онлайн-словарем Мультитран (multitran.ru)
7. Если Вам встретились термины, которые, на Ваш взгляд, представляют интерес и Вам неизвестны, рекомендуем также заносить их в таблицу (можете добавить дополнительные строки к таблицам), что в дальнейшем поможет Вам на занятии более уверено отвечать на вопросы преподавателя и обсуждать изучаемый материал.
8. Термины, приведенные в таблице, будут использованы при составлении заданий для контрольных мероприятий (экзамен, зачет).
Список рекомендованной литературы при работе с глоссарием:
Books, H.C., 2008. Oxford Study Science Dictionary, Revised edition. ed. Franklin Watts, Oxford.
Cambridge Dictionary | Английский словарь, переводы и тезаурус [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/ (accessed 9.25.20).
Concordance - most powerful corpus search | Sketch Engine, 2019. URL https://www.sketchengine.eu/guide/concordance-a-tool-to-search-a-corpus/ (accessed 9.25.20).
Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: America’s most-trusted online dictionary [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.merriam-webster.com/ (accessed 9.25.20).
Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.britannica.com/ (accessed 9.25.20).
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries | Find definitions, translations, and grammar explanations at Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/ (accessed 9.25.20).
| Term | Pronunciation | Definition | Example | Russian |
| Unit 1 | ||||
| quantity (n, c) | ˈkwɒntəti | an amount or a number of something | Is it available in sufficient quantity? | количество |
| fundamental (base) unit | ˌfʌndəˈmentl ˈjuːnɪt | To communicate the result of a measurement of a certain physical quantity, a unit for the quantity must be defined. This unit called fundamental | If our fundamental unit of mass is defined as 1.0 kilogram | основная единица |
| SI (n, c) | ˌes ˈaɪ | Use SI to avoid misunderstandings | Международная система единиц | |
| force (n, c) | fɔːrs | physical strength, especially as showInternational System of Unitsn when something hits something else | The first law states that a force must be applied to an object in order to change its velocity. | сила |
| velocity (n, c) | vəˈlɑːsəti | the speed of something in a particular direction | velocity is a vector | скорость (вектор) |
| volume (n, c) | ˈvɒljuːm | the amount of space that an object or a substance fills | In this case the physical property that changes is the volume of a liquid. | объем |
| acceleration (n, u) | əkˌseləˈreɪʃn | the rate of change of velocity with respect to time | free-fall acceleration | ускорение |
| sine (n, c) | saɪn | the trigonometric function that for an acute angle is the ratio between the leg opposite the angle when it is considered part of a right triangle and the hypotenuse | sin θ that for all real numbers θ is exactly equal to the sine of an angle of measure θ in radians | синус |
| cosine (n,c) | ˈkəʊsaɪn | a trigonometric function that for an acute angle is the ratio between the leg adjacent to the angle when it is considered part of a right triangle and the hypotenuse | a trigonometric function cos θ that for all real numbers θ is given by the sum of the alternating series | косинус |
| tangent (n, c) | ˈtændʒənt | : the trigonometric function that for an acute angle is the ratio between the leg opposite to the angle when it is considered part of a right triangle and the leg adjacent | tangential acceleration | тангенс |
| Term | Pronunciation | Definition | Example | Russian |
| Unit 2 | ||||
| average (adj) | ˈævərɪdʒ | calculated by adding several amounts together, finding a total, and dividing the total by the number of amounts | average solar day | среднее |
| axis (n,c) | ˈæksɪs | one of the reference lines of a coordinate system | The standard reference line is usually selected to be the positive x-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system | ось |
| deceleration (n, u) | ˌdiːseləˈreɪʃn | a reduction in the speed | The motor generates energy during braking and deceleration. | замедление |
| decrease (v) | dɪˈkriːs | to grow progressively less (as in size, amount, number, or intensity) | a decreasing population | уменьшаться |
| increase (v) | ɪnˈkriː | to become progressively greater (as in size, amount, number, or intensity) | The price of oil increased | увеличиваться |
| dimension (n, c) | daɪˈmenʃn | one of a group of properties whose number is necessary and sufficient to determine uniquely each element of a system of usually mathematical entities | kinematics in one dimension | измерение |
| speed (n, c) | spiːd | the magnitude of a velocity irrespective of direction | the terms speed and velocity are interchangeable | скорость (модуль) |
| displacement (n, u) | dɪsˈpleɪsmənt | the difference between the initial position of something and any later position | Motion involves the displacement of an object from one place in space and time to another | перемещение |
| Term | Pronunciation | Definition | Example | Russian |
| Unit 3 | ||||
| motion (n, u) | ˈməʊʃn | an act, process, or instance of changing place | motion of an object | движение |
| scalar quantity | ˈskeɪlər ˈkwɒntəti | a quantity (such as mass or time) that has a magnitude and no direction | Speed is a scalar quantity | скалярная величина |
| vector quantity | ˈvek.tər | a quantity (such as velocity) that has size and direction | Acceleration is a vector quantity | Векторная величина |
| projectile (n, c) | prəˈdʒektaɪl | a body projected by external force and continuing in motion by its own inertia | The cannon fires a ten-pound projectile. | снаряд |
| equation (n, c) | ɪˈkweɪʒn | a usually formal statement of the equality or equivalence of mathematical or logical expressions | the numbers on the right-hand side of the equation | уравнение |
| trajectory (n,c) | trəˈdʒektəri | the curve that a body describes in space | a missile’s trajectory | траектория |
| elevation (n, c) | ˌelɪˈveɪʃn | the angular distance of something above the horizon | elevation angle | высота |
| reference frame | ˌfreɪm əv ˈrefrəns | an arbitrary set of axes with reference to which the position or motion of something is described or physical laws are formulated | So measurements of velocity depend on the reference frame of the observer | система отсчета |
| Term | Pronunciation | Definition | Example | Russian |
| Unit 4 | ||||
| force (n, c) | fɔːs | physical strength, especially as shown when something hits something else | The first law states that a force must be applied to an object in order to change its velocity. | сила |
| friction (n, u) | ˈfrɪkʃn | the force that resists relative motion between two bodies in contact | Friction between moving parts had caused the engine to overheat. | трение |
| static friction | ˈstætɪk | friction between two objects that do not move | Static friction between table and floor | трение покоя |
| kinetic (dynamic) friction | kɪˈnetɪk | the friction between two bodies that are in sliding contact | force of kinetic friction | трение скольжения |
| gravitational force | ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənl | a fundamental physical force that is responsible for interactions which occur because of mass between particles, between aggregations of matter (such as stars and planets), and between particles (such as photons) and aggregations of matter | magnitude of the gravitational force | сила притяжения |
| weight (n, c/u) | weɪt | the force with which a body is attracted toward the earth or a celestial body by gravitation and which is equal to the product of the mass and the local gravitational acceleration | Galileo discovered the law of falling objects by observing that two different weights dropped simultaneously from the Leaning Tower of Pisa hit the ground at approximately the same time. | вес |
| inertia (n, u) | ɪˈnɜːʃə | a property of matter by which something that is not moving remains still and something that is moving goes at the same speed and in the same direction until another thing or force affects it | The tendency of an object to continue in its original state of motion is called inertia | инерция |
| mass (n, c/u) | mæs | the property of a body that is a measure of its inertia and that is commonly taken as a measure of the amount of material it contains and causes it to have weight in a gravitational field | The study of motion and of physical concepts such as force and mass is called dynamics. | масса |
| Term | Pronunciation | Definition | Example | Russian |
| Unit 5 | ||||
| energy (n, u) | ˈenədʒi | a fundamental entity of nature that is transferred between parts of a system in the production of physical change within the system and usually regarded as the capacity for doing work | total amount of energy in the Universe never changes | энергия |
| work (n, a) | wɜːk | to do something that involves physical or mental effort | She's outside, working on the car. | работа |
| joule (c) | dʒuːl | a unit of energy or work | joule heat | Джоуль |
| potential energy | pəˈtenʃl | energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors. | potential energy of the nucleus | потенциальная энергия |
| energy conversion | ˈenədʒi kənˈvɜːʃn | process of changing energy from one form to another. | conversion of energy into kinetic | преобразование энергии |
| power (n,u) | ˈpaʊə(r) | the time rate at which work is done or energy emitted or transferred | engine power | мощность |
| law of conservation of energy | ˈenədʒi kənˈvɜːʃn | According to the law of conservation energy: “Energy can neither be created nor is it destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another. | law of conservation of energy is very important | закон сохранения энергии |
| Term | Pronunciation | Definition | Example | Russian |
| Unit 6 | ||||
| momentum (n, u) | məˈmentəm | the property that a moving object has due to its mass and its motion and that is equal to the product of the body's mass and velocity | conservation of momentum | импульс |
| product (n, c) | ˈprɒdʌkt | the number or expression resulting from the multiplication together of two or more numbers or expressions | The linear momentum p of an object of mass m moving with velocity v is the product of its mass and velocity | произведение |
| collision (n, c) | kəˈlɪʒn | an encounter between items | complex collision problems | столкновение |
| recoil (n, u) | rɪˈkɔɪl | Action and reaction, together with the accompanying exchange of momentum between two objects | phenomenon known as recoil | отдача |
| impact (n, c/u) | ˈɪmpækt | an impinging or striking especially of one body against another | impact affect the motion | соударение |
| explosion (n, c) | ɪkˈspləʊʒn | the act or an instance of exploding | supernova explosions | взрыв |
| propulsion (n, u) | prəˈpʌlʃn | the force that drives something forward | rocket propulsion | движущая сила |
| Term | Definition | Example | Russian | |
| Unit 7 | ||||
| circular motion | ˈsɜːkjələ(r) ˈməʊʃn | movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path | circular motion of a ball | круговое движение |
| centripetal force | ˌsentrɪˈpiːtl | the force that is necessary to keep an object moving in a curved path and that is directed inward toward the center of rotation | centripetal force of a motorcycle | центростремительная сила |
| escape speed | ɪˈskeɪp | escape velocity is the minimum speed needed for a free, non-propelled object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body | escape speed of earth is high | скорость выхода (первая космическая, вторая космическая скорость) |
| cycle (n, c) | ˈsaɪkl | the fact of a series of events being repeated many times, always in the same order | Cycle of day and night | цикл |
| satellite (n, c) | ˈsætəlaɪt | a celestial body or a manufactured object or vehicle intended to orbit the earth, the moon, or another celestial body | Satellite motion | спутник |
| fictitious forces | fɪkˈtɪʃəs | A fictitious force (also called a pseudo force, d'Alembert force, or inertial force) is a force that appears to act on a mass whose motion is described using a non-inertial frame of reference | fictitious forces acts on him | сила инерции |
| radian (n, c) | ˈreɪdiən | a unit of plane angular measurement that is equal to the angle at the center of a circle subtended by an arc whose length equals the radius | 1 radian angle | радиан |
| Term | Pronunciation | Definition | Example | Russian |
| Unit 8 | ||||
| torque (n) | tɔːrk | a force that produces or tends to produce rotation or torsion | The more torque an engine has, the bigger the load it can pull in the same gear. | крутящий момент |
| right-hand rule | ˈraɪt hænd | right-hand rule is a common mnemonic for understanding orientation of axes in three-dimensional space | Use right-hand rule | правило правой руки |
| center of gravity | ˈsentə(r) ˈɡrævəti | he center of gravity (CG) of an aircraft is the point over which the aircraft would balance. | center of gravity of a pen is in the middle | центр масс |
| axis of symmetry | ˈæksɪs ˈsɪmətri | a straight line with respect to which a body or figure is symmetrical | axis of symmetry of a ball is it’s diameter | ось симметрии |
| rigid (adj) | ˈrɪdʒɪd | very strict and difficult to change | rigid objectс | жёсткий |
| angular acceleration | ˈæŋɡjələ(r) əkˌseləˈreɪʃn | In physics, angular acceleration refers to the time rate of change of angular velocity. | angular acceleration during flight | угловое ускорение |
| angular momentum | ˈæŋɡjələ(r) | In physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum. | Describe the vector nature of angular momentum | угловой момент |
| term | pronunciation | definition | example | Russian |
| Unit 9 | ||||
| solid (n, c) | ˈsɒlɪd | solid is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to a force applied to the surface | Solids can be classified as either crystalline or amorphous | твердый |
| liquid (n, c) | ˈlɪkwɪd | incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure | a flammable liquid | жидкий |
| gas (n, c) | ɡæs | a fluid (such as air) that has neither independent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely | Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas. | газ |
| plasma (n, u) | ˈplæzmə | the fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk as distinguished from suspended material | Plasma is a strange material | плазма |
| density (n, u) | ˈdensəti | the mass of a substance per unit of volume | Plasma ion density | плотность |
| pressure (n, u) | ˈpreʃə(r) | the force or thrust exerted over a surface divided by its are | pressure inside the eye | давление |
| Archimedes’ principle | ˈprɪnsəpl | Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces. | Archimedes’ principle is important in shipbuilding | принцип Архимеда |
| surface tension | ˈsɜːfɪs ˈtenʃn | Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible. | surface tension is useful for water striders | поверхностное натяжение |
| term | pronunciation | definition | example | Russian |
| Unit 10 | ||||
| heat (n, u) | hiːt | transfer of energy between a system and its environment due to a temperature difference between them | Specific heat | тепло |
| temperature scale | ˈtemprətʃə(r) skeɪl | Scale of temperature is a methodology of calibrating the physical quantity temperature in metrology | temperature scale can be different | шкала температур |
| mercury (n, u) | ˈmɜːkjəri | a silver-white poisonous heavy metallic element that is liquid at ordinary temperatures and is used especially in batteries, in dental amalgam, and in scientific instruments | mercury thermometer | ртуть |
| thermometer (n, c) | θəˈmɒmɪtə(r) | an instrument used for measuring the temperature of the air, a person’s body, etc. | a thermometer reading | термометрк |
| thermal expansion | ɪkˈspænʃn | tendency of matter to change its shape, area, volume, and density in response to a change in temperature | thermal expansion of gas | тепловое расширение |
| ideal gas | aɪˈdiːəl | An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles that are not subject to interparticle interactions. | ideal gas does not exists | идеальный газ |
| thermal equilibrium | ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm | Two physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if there is no net flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected by a path permeable to heat | thermal equilibrium of two objects | тепловое равновесие |
| term | pronunciation | definition | example | Russian |
| Unit 11 | ||||
| internal energy | in-ˈtər-nᵊl ˈe-nər-jē | energy associated with the microscopic components of a system - the atoms and molecules of the system. | When the block warms up, something called internal energy increases. | внутренняя энергия |
| specific heat | spi-ˈsi-fik ˈhēt | amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature | The fact that the specific heat of water is higher than the specific heat of sand is responsible for the pattern of airflow at a beach. | удельная теплоёмкость |
| calorie (n, c) | ˈka-lə-rē | the amount of heat required at a pressure of one atmosphere to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius | The historical definition of the calorie is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of a specific substance - water - by one degree. | калория |
| latent heat | ˈlā-tᵊnt ˈhēt | energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process | Latent heat of the substance, depends on the nature of the phase change. | теплота фазового перехода |
| phase change | ˈfāz ˈchānj | physical processes of transition between a state of a medium, identified by some parameters, and another one, with different values of the parameters. | Some common phase changes are solid to liquid (melting), liquid to gas (boiling), and a change in the crystalline structure of a solid. | фазовый переход |
| expose (v) | ik-ˈspōz | to deprive of shelter, protection, or care | As a result, warmed air can't rapidly pass over the surfaces of the greenhouse that are exposed to the outside air and thereby cause an energy loss by conduction through those surfaces. | открывать |
| greenhouse effect | process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere | Without the Montreal Protocol, research suggests this greenhouse effect would likely have added at least an extra degree Celsius, or 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, to worldwide warming by 2050 | парниковый эффект |
| Term | Pronunciation | Definition | Example | Russian |
| Unit 12 | ||||
| assume (v) | əˈsjuːm | to think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it | It's probably safe to assume (that) we'll be hearing more about this story. | предполагать |
| isobaric (adj) | iso·bar·ic | an imaginary line or a line on a map or chart connecting or marking places of equal barometric pressure | isobaric line | изобарический |
| adiabatic (adj) | adi·a·bat·ic | occurring without loss or gain of heat | adiabatic process | адиабатический |
| isovolumetric (adj) | väl-yu̇-ˈme-trik | of, relating to, or characterized by unchanging volume | isovolumetric process takes a long time | изоволютмерический |
| isothermal (adj) | ī-sə-ˈthər-məl | of, relating to, or marked by equality of temperature | isothermal process goes without temperature change | изотермический |
| engine (n, c) | ˈendʒɪn | a machine for converting any of various forms of energy into mechanical force and motion | Its engine is powered by both gasoline and electricity. | двигатель |
| entropy (n, u) | ˈentrəpi | a measurement of the energy that is present in a system or process but is not available to do work | Entropy originally found its place in thermodynamics, but its importance grew tremendously as the field of statistical mechanics developed. | энтропия |
| Term | Pronunciation | Definition | Example | Russian |
| Unit 13 | ||||
| propagation (n, u) | ˌprɒpəˈɡeɪʃn | any of the ways in which waves travel | propagation of waves | распространение |
| spring (n, c) | sprɪŋ | a twisted piece of wire that can be pushed, pressed or pulled but which always returns to its original shape or position afterwards | The springs in the sofa have gone | пружина |
| stretch (v) | stretʃ | to make something longer, wider or looser, for example by pulling it; to become longer, etc. in this way | spring is stretched | тянуть |
| compress (v) | kəmˈpres | to press things together or press something into a smaller space; to be pressed in this way | compressing a spring | сжимать |
| stiffness (n, u) | ˈstɪfnəs | the fact of being hard and difficult to bend or move | stiffness of the spring | жесткость |
| pendulum (n, c) | ˈpendʒələm | a body suspended from a fixed point so as to swing freely to and fro under the action of gravity and commonly used to regulate movements | simple pendulum | маятник |
| overlap (v) | ˌəʊvəˈlæp | to extend over or past and cover a part of | pulses from the loops overlap in phase | перекрывать |
| Term | Pronunciation | Definition | Example | Russian |
| Unit 14 | ||||
| longitudinal (adj) | ˌlɒŋɡɪˈtjuːdənl | placed or running lengthwise | longditional wave | продольный |
| rarefaction (n, u) | ˌreərɪˈfækʃn | a decrease in the density of air or a gas | rarefaction at higher levels in the atmosphere | разрежение |
| audible (adj) | ˈɔːdəbl | that can be heard clearly | audible range for humans | слышимый |
| ultrasonic (adj) | ˌʌltrəˈsɒnɪk | having a frequency above the human ear's audibility | ultrasonic waves | ультразвуковой |
| intensity (n, u) | ɪnˈtensəti | the magnitude of a quantity (such as force or energy) per unit (as of area, charge, mass, or time) | intensity level | интенсивность |
| the Doppler effect | ðə ˈdɒplər ɪfekt | the way that waves change in frequency depending on the direction that the source is moving in relative to the person who is observing | The reason for the Doppler effect is that when the source of the waves is moving towards the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the crest of the previous wave | эффект Доплера |
| resonance (n, u) | ˈrezənəns | phenomenon of increased amplitude that occurs when the frequency of a periodically applied force is equal or close to a natural frequency of the system on which it acts | Resonance phenomena occur with all types of vibrations or waves. | резонанс |
General terms - Mathematics
| № | term | pronunciation | definition | example | Russian |
| add (v) | æd | to put something together with something else so as to increase the size, number, amount, etc. | if you add 16 to 4 you get 20 | прибавить | |
| subtract (v) | səbˈtrækt | to take a number or an amount away from another number or amount | 6 subtracted from 9 is 3 | вычесть | |
| multiply (v) | ˈmʌltɪplaɪ | to add a number to itself a particular number of times | Multiply the length by the width. | умножать | |
| divide (v) | dɪˈvaɪd | to separate into parts; to make something separate into parts | divide up After lunch we divided up for group discussions. | делить | |
| fraction (n, c) | ˈfrækʃn | a small part or amount of something | Only a small fraction of a bank's total deposits will be withdrawn at any one time. | дробная часть | |
| angle (n, c) | ˈæŋɡl | the space between two lines or surfaces that join, measured in degrees | the rocket’s angle of descent | угол | |
| equal (v) | ˈiːkwəl | the same in size, quantity, value, etc. as something else | There is an equal number of boys and girls in the class. | равный | |
| ratio (n,c) | ˈreɪʃiəʊ | the relationship between two groups of people or things that is represented by two numbers showing how much larger one group is than the other | ratio of A to B What is the ratio of men to women in the department? | соотношение |