Compiled, edited and annotated by Didier Willis
Edition
Edition 1.9.1
Lexicon 0.9952
2690 entries (1821 unique entries).
2646 word forms (279 deduced, 235 normalized, 0 coined) in unique entries.
Publication
1999-2008, Didier Willis and The Sindarin Dictionary Project
Availability
Status: free.
License: This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Creative Commons Attribution, Non-Commercial, Share-Alike License, version 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/).
Additional limitation of scope: Sindarin, as one of the languages invented by J.R.R. Tolkien, is his artistic and intellectual property. The editor does not claim any intellectual property on the Sindarin language itself and, as a whole, on this dictionary, beyond the editorial annotations, the arrangement of entries and the encyclopaedic discussions or interpretations appended to these entries. The above-mentioned license applies to such elements only.
J.R.R. Tolkien's texts and books are copyrighted by the Tolkien Estate and/or Tolkien's publishers. As of yet, this material is not approved by the Tolkien Estate or Tolkien's publishers, and is henceforth an unauthorized Sindarin dictionary. This material is however provided under the editor's assumption that compiling, arranging, analyzing, normalizing and annotating entries in order to produce a dictionary for a language, even if it is an invented one, does not violate the copyright of the inventor.
Shall any third party include this material in a derived work, under the above-mentioned license or under any other applicable license, the editor will not be liable for possible infringement of copyright on the derived work. Every derived use of this material is left under the sole responsability of the third party.
Notwithstanding, this material is neither a verbatim reproduction of information from Tolkien's published works, nor a simple rearrangement of such information in a different order. Many entries are deduced from indirect evidences (such as compounds, inflected forms, etc.) or are normalized according to our current knowledge of the Sindarin phonology and morphology. As a consequence, some deductions, as presented by the editor or by other contributors to the dictionary, might actually prove incorrect or inaccurate when new information is published.
Any violation of copyright regarding yet unpublished texts by J.R.R. Tolkien is unintended. The compiler does not have any access to hitherto unpublished texts. Would it be the case, such texts would not be used in the dictionary. Therefore, this dictionary only contains entries based on published texts, either from direct attestations or based on deductions and conclusions drawn from these texts by careful comparisons.
Notes
The editor would like to thank all the persons who made this work possible. This dictionary would not have existed without the efforts of many other peoples. Lisa Star (editor of Tyaliл Tyelelliйva) and Helge Kеre Fauskanger (webmaster of Ardalambion) gave me precious advices and encouragements at the very beginning of the project. David Salo sent me his own lexicons and kindly answered some of my questions about them. Cйdric Fockeu (webmaster of J.R.R. Tolkien en Version Franзaise) offered his technical skill in scripting languages, as well as disk space to host the original on-line search engine. My thanks are also addressed to Ryszard Derdzinski, Dorothea Salo, B. Philip Jonsson, Sйbastien Mallet and the members of the ELFLING mailing-list, for their support during the early phases of this long project; and later to Jim Allan (editor and co-author of An Introduction to Elvish), Bertrand Bellet, Carl Hostetter (editor of Vinyar Tengwar), Per Lindberg (from Mellonath Daeron), Elena Liria, Emanuele Vicentini, Patrick Wynne and all the other members of the Sindarin dictionary discussion group for their contributions and continual feedback, with a special mention for Javier Lorenzo for all the corrections he sent to the mailing-list.
The Dragon Flame application would not have existed without Benjamin Babut. Likewise, this revised edition of the dictionary would not have seen the light without Benjamin's work and enthousiasm for Dragon Flame and its set of related tools. I am also indebt to Sylvain Veyriй and Thomas Deniau for having ported Dragon Flame to other operating systems.
The German translation of this dictionary is based on the initial work of Christian Buzek, with further help and lots of improvements by Florian Dombach (Das Sindarin Lexikon) and other readers. Benjamin Babut and David Giraudeau contributed to the French translation. We also thank Stйphane Landais for all his corrections.
Last but not least, this work is dedicated to Christopher Tolkien and to the Vinyar Tengwar & Parma Eldalamberon editorial staffs, whose efforts to publish J.R.R. Tolkien's linguistic papers have made such a dictionary possible.
Source
This dictionary is based on J.R.R. Tolkien's works, extended with etymological notes, phonetics and other information.
Sindarin is the language of the Grey Elves, invented by J.R.R. Tolkien and exemplified in his masterful epic story The Lord of the Rings.
This work aims at being a complete Sindarin and Noldorin dictionary, addressing not only Tolkien's fans wishing to understand the elvish sentences from The Lord of the Rings or to build simple sentences in Sindarin, but also scholars wanting to study Sindarin for what it is: the complex linguistic invention of a philology professor, and also a beautiful piece of art.
The Sindarin dictionary project began on October 23, 1999, and is still under development. By no mean shall this version be regarded as definitive. The editor is all too well aware that the dictionary is not as perfect or complete as it might be. Nevertheless, it seems better to encourage the study of Sindarin by the provision of a working dictionary rather than delay the publication perhaps for years, until the editor's ideals are satisfied — a condition which might never be attained.
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Sampling
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Hypothetical words, either interpreted, reconstructed or deduced from mutated forms, are all marked as deduced.
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Status: high.
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Interpretation
Probable errors in the sources have been corrected and marked with the <corr> tag.
In the XHTML version, corrections are rendered using a specific markup (misreadings, etc.).
a I (adh/ah/ar before a vowel) conj. and (ar = Exilic, ah = Doriathrin, for adh = see PE/17 for a discussion on this)
a II interj. O! See also ai I
ab- prep.pref. after, later WJ/387
ᵲ abarad n. tomorrow ‘after day’
ᵲ abeneth n. nickname, name given after birth ‘after name’
ᵲ abgen I n. foresight, knowledge of what comes after ‘after seeing’
ᵲ abgen- II v. to foresee, to know what comes after
ablad n. prohibition, refusal (with reference to the gesture one makes with the hand)
abonnen pl. ebњnnin n. and adj. 1. born later, born after ○ 2. as a noun, man, one born later than the Elves, a human being. ab-+onnen "after-born"
ach prep. but VT/50 See also dan
achad n. neck (properly referring only to the bony vertebral part not including the throat)
achar- v. to avenge. PE/17
acharn n. vengeance. WJ/254, WJ/301
* achas n. dread, fear ← Daerachas WJ/187. This may also be gachas
ad- adv.pref. back, again, re-
ada n. masc. daddy dim. of adar
adab n. building, house
adan n. man, the race of Man
* adanadar n. man, one of the Fathers of Men. MR/373
adanath n. class plural of adan, all of the men
adaneth n. fem. (mortal) woman (of the race of Man) adan+-eth
adar n. masc. father
ᵲ adbanna- v. to refill (ad- + panna-)
adbed- v. torephrase. PE/17
adel prep. behind, in rear (of)
* adertha- v. to reunite
ᵲ adesta- v. to rename (ad-+esta-)
adh I prep. with, by
adh II conj. and. See also a
† adlann (N. adlant) adj. sloping, tilted, oblique
† adlanna- v. to slope, slant
* adleg- arch.poet.v. to loose, let loose, release
adleitha- v. to release again, re-release Ety/349 see also leithia-
adui adv. again. PE/17 (ad+-ui)
aduial n. the evening, time of star-opening, "evendim" ◇ ad + uial "second twilight"
advоr n. heirloom. PE/17
aear (N. gaear) n. sea
aearon (N. gaearon) n.augm.of aear great sea, ocean
ᵲ aearvнr n. pearl, 'sea jewel'
¶ ᵲ aeborn n. cherry tree
* aeg n. point ← aeglir, aeglos
† aegas pl. † aegais n. abst. of aeg mountain peak ◇ Ety/349, X/OE
aeglir n. range of mountain peaks ◇ aeg+lоr
aeglos n. 1. snowthorn, a plant like furze (gorse), but larger and with white flowers ○ 2. icicle ◇ aeg+loss
† ael pl. aelin n. lake, pool, mere
aen n. conditional particle, changes the verb meaning to which it is attached to ‘would/should’ VT/50
¶ ᵲ aep n. cherry
aer adj. holy ◇ VT/44:21,24
aerlinn n. a holy song, a song about the sea ◇ RGEO/70, X/ND4 ◇
aes n. cooked food, meat
aew n. (small) bird
* aewen adj. of birds
* agar n. blood
agarwaen, agarwen adj. bloodstained ◇ agar+gwaen
aglar n. great glory, brilliance, splendour (probable that this is a- intensive prefix + claur) see also claur
aglareb adj. glorious
† aglonn n. defile, pass between high walls
agor adj. narrow
ah prep. and conj. and. seealso a I
ai I interj. ah!
ai II pron. rel. for those who
ᵲ aina- v. to hallow, bless (Q Aina-)
aith n. spearpoint
al- I pref.arch. no, not. see also ъ
al- II adv.pref. well
alae interj. behold!
alag adj. rushing, impetuous
alagos n. storm of wind
albeth n. word of good omen (PE/17)
¶ ᵲ alchor n. temple, shrine
alfirin n. and adj. 1. immortal ○ 2. as a noun, name of a flower, bell-like and running through many soft and gentle colours ○ 3. as a noun, also used for another small white flower ◇ al-+firin
ᵲ alia- v. cause to prosper, help someone, bless (Q Alya-)
alph pl. eilph n. swan
alu adj. wholesome (PE/17)
alwed adj. prosperous, fortunate (PE/17)
am prep. up, upwards, upon
amar n. earth, the appointed home of Elves and Men
amarth n. fate, doom
amartha- v. to chance, destine, decree PE/17
amarthan adj. fated
amath n.Mil. shield
amben (N. ambenn, ambend) adj. and n. 1. adj. uphill, sloping upwards 2. n. a difficult task (an uphill struggle)
ᵲ amchalol adj. uplifting (am+halol)
amdir n. hope based on reason ◇ MR/320 ◇ am+tоr "looking up"
amloth n.Mil. flower or floreate device used as crest fixed to the point of a tall helmet ◇ WJ/318 ◇ am+loth "uprising flower"
amlug n. dragon ◇ Ety/349, Ety/370
ᵲ ammad- v. to devour (Q ammat-)
ᵲ ammal n. flagstone (Q ambal)
ᵲ amman interrogative. pron. why? ('for what'?)
ᵲ ammas n.Mil. breastplate
ammen pron. 1st pl. of us, for us, toward us ◇ LotR/II:IV, LB/354, VT/44:21,27 ◇ an+men
ᵲ ammos n. breast, bosom (Q ambos)
amon hill, steep-sided mount ◇ Ety/348, LotR/E, RC/334
ᵲ amortha- v. to heave, ‘up-rise’ (am+ortha-, Q amorta-)
amrыn n. east, orient ◇ Ety/348, Ety/384, S/437, LotR/E ◇ am+rhыn "uprising, sunrise"
an prep. to, towards, for ◇ LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31
an- adv.pref. with, by ◇ Ety/374
anann adv. long, for a long time ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308
anc n. jaw, row of teeth ◇ Ety/348, Ety/374
and adj. long ◇ Ety/348, S/427, X/ND1
andaith n. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened. ◇ LotR/E, Ety/391, X/EI
† andrann (N. anrand) n. cycle, age (100 Valian Years, where 1 Valian year = 10 of our own, making this mean ‘a millennium’) ◇ Ety/382, X/ND4
andreth n. patience (PE/17)
anfang pl. enfeng n. one of the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves) ◇ Ety/348, Ety/387, WJ/322
anfangrim n.class pl.of anfang the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves) ◇ WJ/322
ang n. iron ◇ Ety/348, S/428, PM/347
angerthas n. runic alphabet, long rune-rows (extended version of the Certhas) ◇ S/427, LotR/E ◇
* anglenna- v. to approach ← anglennatha SD/129-31
angol n. deep lore, magic (perhaps also Science and Philosophy, cf. Q. Ingolл) ◇ Ety/377
angren adj. of iron ◇ Ety/348, S/428
angwedh n. chain ◇ Ety/397 ◇ ang+gwedh "iron-bond"
anim pron. 1st for/to myself ◇ LotR/A(v) See also enni
anнra- v. to desire, to want ◇ SD/129-31
ann-thennath n. pl. a verse mode, lit. "long-shorts" (alternance of long and short vowels, or rather alternance of long and short verse units, possibly of masculine and feminine rhymes) ◇ LotR/I:XI ◈ Tolkien's Legendarium p. 115
* anna- v. to give ◇ Ety/348 уnen irreg. past. tense. 1st
annabon n. elephant ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2 ◇ and+*bond "long-snouted"
annon n. augm. great door or gate ◇ Ety/348, S/428, LotR/II:IV, TAI/150
annui adj. western ◇ SD/129-31
annыn n. west, sunset ◇ Ety/376, S/428, LotR/VI:IV, LotR/E, LB/354, Letters/308
annъnaid n. the "Westron" language (one of the names for Common Speech) ◇ PM/316
Anor n. sun ◇ Ety/348, RC/232
ant n. gift ◇ Ety/348
† anu adj. male ◇ Ety/360, X/W
ᵲ anuir adv. and n. forever (an+uir)
anwar n. awe ◇ UT/418, VT/42:23
aphada- v. to follow ◇ WJ/387
aphadon n. 1. follower ○ 2. by ext. man (elvish name for men)
aphadrim n. class pl. of aphadon followers, men (elvish name for men)
† apharch adj. very dry, arid ◇ VT/45:5, X/PH ◇ a- (intensive prefix) + parch
aphed- v. answer, reply
вr n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) See aran
ar- pref. 1. Arch. beside ○ 2. by ext., without ◇ Ety/349
ara- pref. high, noble, royal ◇ S/428 ◇ Reduced form of aran, element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain
arad n. daytime, a day ◇ Ety/349
aran n. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region) ◇ Ety/360, S/428, LotR/II:IV, LotR/VI:VII, SD/129-31, Letters/426
Aran Einior n. one of the names given to the Vala Manwл, 'elder king'
Aran Tauron n. one of the names given to the Vala Oromл, 'forester king'
ᵲ aranel n. princess
aras n. deer ◇ WJ/156-157
† arasaith n. avarice, excessive love of gold and gems and beautiful and costly things SM/133 ‘Cыm-nan-Arasaith’
Araw n. one of the names given to the Vala Oromл
arben n. knight PE/17
ardh n. realm, region ◇ Ety/360
ardhon n. augm. of ardh great region, province ○ 2. by ext. world ← Calenardhon S/386, PM/348
ᵲ arduil n. early morning, ‘day spring’ (Q. aretuile)
Aredhel n. noble Elf, one of the exiled Noldor
ᵲ aria- v. to excel (Q arya-)
ᵲ ariel n. princess, king’s daughter
ᵲ arion n. prince, king’s son, heir
arnad n. kingdom ◇ VT:44:21,25
arnediad (N. arnњdiad) adj. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless ◇ Ety/349, Ety/378, S/428, VT/46:6 ◇ ar-+nediad
arnen adj. royal ← Emyn Arnen, Lonnath-Ernin LotR/V:I, WR/294, WR/370
arod adj. noble ◇ PM/363, VT/41:9
ᵲ arodas n.abst.of arod nobility (arod+-as)
aronoded adj. innumerable, countless, endless ◇ Ety/378 ◇ ar-gonoded. See also arnediad
arphen n. a noble ◇ WJ/376
* arth adj. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted) ← Arthedain LotR
* arwen n. fem. noble woman LotR ◇ ar-+gwend
ᵲ asg n. bone
asgar adj. violent, rushing, impetuous ◇ Ety/386
ast I n. dust ◇ Ety/349
ast II n. light or heat of sun (PE/17)
astor n. faith, loyalty (PE/17)
ath- I prep.pref. on both sides, across ◇ Ety/349
ath- II adv.pref. easily
athan prep. 1. beyond 2. preposition used in comparative sentences ◇ SD/62
atheg n. masc. dim. of adar, 1 play name for the thumb meaning "little father" VT/48:6,17
athelas n. "kingsfoil", a healing herb brought to Middle-earth by the Nъmenуreans ◇ LotR/V:VIII ◇ Q athea "benefical, helpful" + CS las "leaf", HATHA ‘treat kindly, make easy, help to cure’ PE/22
athgar adj. easy to do (PE/17)
athgen adj. easily seen (PE/17)
ᵲ athol- v. to return, come again (ad+tol-)
athon v. affirmation yes, I will. This is the only remaining part of the verb atha- PE/22:167
athra- I pref. across ← Athrabeth MR/329
athra- II v. to cross (to and fro) PE/17
athrabeth n. debate, converse ◇ MR/329 ◇ athra-+peth "cross-talk"
athrad n. (river-)crossing, ford, way ◇ Ety/349, Ety/383, UT/437, VT/42:7
* athrada- v. to cross, traverse ◇ Ety/383 ◇ ath-+rada-
athragardh n. interaction (PE/17)
aur n. a day, consisting of calan and fuin, 2. morning ◇ Ety/349, S/439
∗ auth I n. war, battle ◇ Ety/365, Ety/379, VT/45:23
auth II n. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition ◇ VT/42:9
ᵲ authren n.abst.of auth I war-like (auth+-ren)
ava- v. to refuse.
avar n. 1. refuser ○ 2. the Avari, Elves who refused the invitation of the Valar ◇ WJ/380, VT/47:12 ◈ This plural name was known to the loremasters, but went out of daily use at the time of the Exile see gavar
avo v. imp. of ava-, don't! ◇ WJ/371 ◈ Used as a negative adverb before an imperative: avo garo "don't do it!". Sometimes used as a prefix: avgaro
* avorn adj. staying, fast ← Baravorn Hamfast, SD/129-31
avras n. precipice (PE/17)
awarth n. abandonment ◇ Ety/397
awartha- v. to forsake, abandon ◇ Ety/397
B
bach (mbach) n. article, thing, ware (for exchange) ◇ Ety/372
bachor (mbachor) n. pedlar ◇ Ety/372
bвd n. beaten track, pathway ◇ Ety/351
ᵲ badh- v. to judge
badhor n. judge ◇ Ety/350. see also badhron
badhron n. masc. judge ◇ Ety/350 ⇒
baen adj. fair-haired (PE/17)
ᵲ bahad (mbahad) n. market-place (bach+sad)
bain adj. beautiful, fair ◇ Ety/351, Ety/359, X/EI
ᵲ bainas abst.n.of bain beauty
bal- v. to rule PE/17
ᵲ Balagerch n. the constellation known as the Sickle (Ursa Major)
balan n. Vala, divine power, divinity ◇ Ety/350, S/439, Letters/427, X/EI
balch (mbalch) n. adj. cruel ◇ Ety/377
ᵲ balchas (mbalchas) n.abst.of balch cruelty
balfaug adj. drunk (to be thirsty in a bad way) GL
balrog n. great demon (raug)
¶ ᵲ balthand adj. obstinate (bal- + thand, see GL for bal-)
band (mband) (N. band) n. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping ◇ Ety/371, S/428, MR/350, X/ND1
banga- (mbanga) v. to trade ◇ Ety/372
Bannos n. one of the names given to the Vala Mandos ‘dread imprisoner’
Banwen n. one of the names given to the Vala Vбna
bar (mbar) n. 1. dwelling, home ○ 2. by ext., inhabited land ◇ S/428, WR/379-80, SD/129-31
bara adj. 1. fiery ○ 2. eager ◇ Ety/351
barad (mbarad) I adj. doomed ◇ Ety/372
barad II n. tower, fortress ◇ Ety/351, S/428, LotR/B
baradh adj. steep ◇ Ety/351
baran adj. brown, swart, dark brown, golden brown, yellow brown ◇ Ety/351, LotR/F, TC/179, RC/343
bardor n. homeland (PE/17)
ᵲ barn adj. safe (bar+-nв)
* bartha- (mbartha) v. to doom ◇ Ety/372
barthan n. large masonry building, used as a dwelling (PE/17)
bas- (mbas-) v. to bake (PE/17)
basgorn (mbasgorn) n. loaf (of bread) ◇ Ety/372, Ety/365 ◇ bast+corn "round bread"
* bass/bast (mbass) n. bread PM/404-405, VT/44:21 ◈ In the Etymologies, the word for "bread" is given as bast, Quenya masta, but it seems that Tolkien later changed his mind and updated the word to bass, as shown in Quenya massбnie, Sindarin bassoneth.
† bassoneth (mbassoneth) n. fem. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z
basta- (mbasta-) v. to bake bread (this may just be an alternate form of bas-)
* batha- v. to trample ◇ Ety/352
baudh n. judgement ◇ Ety/350
baug (mbaug) adj. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive ◇ Ety/372
* baugla- (mbaugla) v. to oppress ◇ Ety/372
bauglir (mbauglir) n. tyrant, oppressor ◇ Ety/372
baul (mbaul) n. torment ◇ Ety/377
baur (mbaur) n. need ◇ Ety/372
baw interj. no, don't! ◇ WJ/371
bedhwen adj. referring only to Aulл and Yavanna together
belaith (mbelaith) adj. mighty PE/17:115
beleg adj. big, large, great, mighty ◇ Ety/352, S/428, PE/17
beleglinn (N. beleglind) n. Great Song VT/50
Belegol n. one of the names given to the Vala Aulл, 'great burden'
bellas n.abst.of belt, bodily strength ◇ Ety/352
belt adj. strong in body ◇ Ety/352, Tengwestie/20031207◈ See also bellas.
ᵲ beltha- v. to expand
ben prep. according to the, in the ◇ SD/129-31
benn n. masc. 1. man, male 2. by ext. husband (but not the normal word, see herven)◇ Ety/352, VT/45:9
bennas n. angle, corner ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375
beren adj. bold ◇ Ety/352
ᵲ berenas n.abst.of beren courage, bravery
bereth n. fem. queen, spouse ◇ Ety/351, RGEO/74
* beria- v. to protect ◇ Ety/351
* bertha- v. to dare ◇ Ety/352
bess n. fem. 1. (young) woman 2. by ext. wife (but not the normal word, see hervess) ◇ Ety/352, SD/129-31
† bessain (mbessain) n. fem. bread-giver ◇ PM/404-405, X/Z ◈ See bass for a discussion regarding this word
ᵲ best n. wedding, marriage
ᵲ besta- v. to wed, marry (bes+-tв)
* blab- v. to beat, batter, flap (wings, etc.) ◇ Ety/380
ᵲ blabor n. bat ‘flapper’
¶ ᵲ bladren adj. proud, arrogant (cf. bladren, EN)
¶ ᵲ blaud n. pride GL
¶ ᵲ bless n. grace
bo prep. on ◇ VT/44:21,26
boda- v. to ban, prohibit ◇ WJ/372
† boe (mboe, N. bui) v. impers. to need. This verb takes no other form. ◇ Ety/372, X/Z
* bon (N. bonn) adj. snouted ← Annabon ‘long snouted’
bфr n. steadfast, trusty man, faithful vassal ◇ Ety/353
Borgil n. Aldebaran, lit. 'hot red star'
born adj. hot, red ◇ Letters/426-27
¶ ᵲ bost n. back (from shoulder to shoulder) GL
both (mboth) n. puddle, small pool ◇ Ety/372
¶ ᵲ bothil (mbothil) n. oven GL
bragol adj. sudden ◇ S/429
braig adj. wild, fierce ◇ Ety/373, VT/45:34 ◈ The form brerg in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:34
brand (N. brann) adj. 1. lofty, noble, fine ○ 2. high (in size) ◇ Ety/351, TAI/150, X/ND1
brannon n. masc. lord ◇ Ety/351
brass I n. white heat ◇ Ety/351
brass II n. great cliff (PE/17)
brassen adj. white-hot ◇ Ety/351
brasta- v. loom, tower up (PE/17)
breged n. violence, suddenness ◇ Ety/352
bregol adj. violent, sudden, fierce ◇ Ety/352, Ety/373◈ see also bregolas
bregolas n.abst.of bregol, fierceness ◇ Ety/352
* breitha- v. to break out suddenly ◇ Ety/352
* brenia- v. to endure ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:7 ◈ The form bronio in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:7
brennil n. fem. lady ◇ Ety/351
breth n. acorns, nuts (mast – the fruit of beech, oak, chestnut and other woodland trees)
brethil n. beech, beech-tree, silver birch ◇ Ety/352, Ety/376, S/429
brith n. gravel ◇ Ety/353
brфg n. bear ◇ Ety/374
* brona- v. to last, to survive ◇ Ety/353
bronadui adj. enduring, lasting ◇ Ety/353
bronwe n. endurance, lasting quality, faith ◇ Ety/353, SD/62
* brui adj. loud, noisy ← Bruinen LotR/Index
brыn adj. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use ◇ Ety/353
budhu n. large fly PE/19
* buia- v. to serve, to hold allegiance to ◇ Ety/353
bund (mbund, N. bunn) n. 1. snout, nose ○ 2. by ext. cape (of land) ◇ Ety/372, X/ND2
† bŷr (N. bior, beor) n. follower, vassal ◇ Ety/352, X/IU
C
* cab- v. to leap ← cabed S/386, WJ/100
cabed ger. of cab-, 1. leap ○ 2. by ext., deep gorge ◇ S/386, WJ/100 ◈ Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad
cabor n. frog ◇ Ety/362
cadhad n. Dwarf. An old Beleriandic adaptation of the Dwarves’ own name khazad PE/17:45
cadhadrim n. class pl. of cadhad, Dwarf-folk. An old Beleriandic adaptation of the Dwarves’ own name khazad PE/17:45
† cadu (N. cadw) adj. shaped, formed ◇ Ety/362-363, X/W
cadwor (N. cadwar) adj. shapely ◇ Ety/363
† cae I (N. coe) n. earth ◇ Ety/363, X/OE ◈ This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies
cae II (caen- in a compound) adj. num. card. ten ◇ PE/17:95
ᵲ caeda- v. to lie down
cael n. lying in bed, sickness ◇ Ety/363
caeleb adj. bedridden, sick ◇ Ety/363
* caenen/caenui adj. num. ord. tenth ← nelchaenen SD/129-131
ᵲ caenthil n. decagon 'ten points'
caer n. a flat isle in a river, opposite of a tol PE/22
caew n. lair, resting-place ◇ Ety/363
ᵲ caf- v. to bow
cбfru n. flea, ‘leaper’ PE/13:140, PE/17:131
¶ ᵲ cag n. joke (GL)
cai n. hedge ◇ UT/282
cail n. fence or palisade of spikes and sharp stakes ◇ UT/282
cair n. ship ◇ Ety/365, LotR/A(iv), X/EI
calad n. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water) ◇ VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425, Ety/362, UT/65
calan n. day, period of actual daylight ◇ aLotR/D ◈ Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second. See also aur, arad
calar n. (portable) lamp ← celerdain LotR/V:I, WR/287, RC/523
calardan n. lampwright ◇ LotR/V:I, WR/287, RC/523 ◇ calar+tвn
calben n. 1. Elf of the Great Journey (lit. "light person") ○ 2. by ext. all Elves but the Avari ◇ WJ/362, WJ/376-377, WJ/408-409
calen adj. green ◇ Ety/362, S/429, Letters/282, RC/349, VT/42:19 ◇ Etym. "bright-coloured"
callon n. hero ◇ Ety/362
† calph (N. calf) n. water-vessel ◇ Ety/362, X/PH
ᵲ calpha- v. to draw water (Q calpa-)
cam n. hand ◇ Ety/361, Ety/371, S/429
† camlann n. palm of hand ◇ Ety/367, X/ND4 ◇ cam+land
ᵲ camtha- v. accommodate, make fit (Q camta-)
can- v. to cry out, shout, call ◇ PM/361-362
canad adj.num.card. four ◇ Ety/362, VT/42:24,25, VT/48:6, VT/46:3
canath n. "quarter", silver coin used in Gondor, the fourth part of a "mirian" ◇ PM/45 see also mirian
† cand (N. cann) adj. bold ◇ Ety/362, X/ND1
* cannas n.abst.of cant, shaping ← Dorgannas WJ/192, WJ/206
cant n. outline, shape ← morchaint S/432, Ety/362, VT/42:28◈ See also cannas
ᵲ canthil n. quadrilateral 'four points'
canthui adj.num.ord. fourth ◇ VT/42:10, VT/42:25,27
car (N. cardh) n. house, building ◇ Ety/362
* car- v. to do WJ/371, WJ/415 This verb takes the irreg.pa.t. agor-
carab n. hat ◇ WJ/187
carach n. jaw, row of teeth ◇ S/429, RC/607
* caraes n. jagged hedge of spikes ← Helcharaes Ety/362
carag n. spike, tooth of rock ◇ Ety/362
ᵲ caragpholg n. boar (fang-pig)
caran adj. red ◇ Ety/362, S/429, LotR/E
caras n. 1. circular earthwall with dike ○ 2. city (built above ground) ◇ Ety/362, LotR/II:VII, RC/311
carch n. tooth, fang ◇ Ety/362, S/429
ᵲ carf n. tool, weapon
carfa- v. to talk (treated like car- in the past tense) PE/17
carnin adj. scarlet (PE/17)
carth n. deed, feat ◇ Ety/362 cf. ъgarth
carweg adj. active, busy (PE/17)
¶ ᵲ cas n. skull (GL)
* cast n. cape, headland ← Angast VT/42:28
cathrae n. tressure, net for combining the hair ◇ VT/42:12
caul n. great burden, affliction ◇ VT/39:10
caun I n. outcry, clamour ◇ PM/361-362 ◈ see also conath
caun II n. valour ◇ Ety/362
* caun III pl. conin n. prince, ruler ◇ LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308 ◇ MS *kaun, Q. cбno
ᵲ cautha- v. to startle
caw I n. top ◇ Ety/362
caw- II v. to choose, taste, select PE/22
ceber n. stake, spike, stone ridge ◇ Ety/363, LotR/II:VIII, S/437, RC/327
cef pl. ceif n. soil ◇ Ety/363
cefenas (N. cefnas) n. earthern-ware, pottery VT/45
¶ ᵲ ceforf n. potato ('soil apple', from grothorf, GL)
† celair adj. brilliant ◇ Ety/362, X/EI
celeb n. silver ◇ Ety/367, S/429, LotR/E, Letters/426
celebren adj. like silver (in hue or worth) ◇ Ety/367, S/429, VT/45:25
celeg adj. swift, agile, hasty ◇ Ety/366, PM/353, VT/41:10
celeth n. stream VT/45
celevon adj. of silver ◇ Ety/367
ᵲ celf n. animal. This is less restrictive than lavan, and can apply to any living creature (Q. kelva) see also lavan
* cell adj. 1. running ○ 2. by ext. flowing (of water) ← Celduin LotR/Map
celon n. river ← Celon (name) Ety/363
† celu n. spring, source ◇ Ety/363, X/W
† cem (N. cefn) adj. earthen ◇ Ety/363, X/Z
* cen- v. to see ← cenedril TI/184
cenedril n. looking-glass, mirror ◇ TI/184, RS/466 ◇ cened+rill
cennan n. potter ◇ Ety/390 ◇ cкf+tвn
cerch n. sickle ◇ Ety/365
ceredir n.masc. doer, maker ◇ Ety/354 ◇ cared+dоr
ᵲ cerf n. spinning wheel
cerin n. 1. circular enclosure ○ 2. by ext., mound (Cerin Amroth)◇ Ety/365, S/429
certh pl. cirth n. rune ◇ WJ/396, LotR/E ◇ Etym. "cutting"◈ See also certhas.
certhas n.abst.of certh runic alphabet, rune-rows ◇ LotR/E ◇ certh+-as
cerveth (N. cadloer) n. July (month) ◇ LotR/D
ᵲ cesta- v. to seek (Q cesta-)
ceven n. Earth ◇ VT/44:21,27
cidinn adj. small (PE/17)
ᵲ cil- v. to choose
cоl I n. cleft, pass between hills, gorge ◇ Ety/365
cоl II n. renewal ◇ VT/48:8
cinnog adj. small (PE/17)
cоr adj. renewed ◇ VT/48:7-8
ᵲ cira- v. to sail
ᵲ cнram n. anchor
† cнrban (N. cнrbann) n. haven ◇ Ety/380, X/ND4 ◇ cair+pand
cнrdan (N. cirdan) n. shipbuilder, shipwright ◇ Ety/365, Ety/390, LotR/VI:IX, RC/28 ◇ cair+tвn
* cirion n.masc. shipman, sailor ← Cirion (name)
cirith n. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile ◇ S/387, UT/426, TC/181, RC/334-335
cоw adj. fresh, new ◇ VT/48:7-8
claur n.poet. splendour, glory ◇ Ety/362 See also aglar
cфf n. bay ◇ VT/42:15
cofen (N. cofn) adj. empty, void ◇ Ety/366
ᵲ col- v. to carry, bear (Q. col-)
cфl n. gold (metal) ◇ Ety/365 For the colour, see malt, mallen
ᵲ colch n. box (Q colca)
coll I adj. (golden) red ◇ Ety/365
coll II adj. hollow ◇ WJ/414
* coll III n. cloak, mantle ← Thingol S/421, MR/385
¶ ᵲ colost n. cucumber (GL)
conath n. coll. of caun II, 1. many voices ○ 2. by ext., lamentation ◇ PM/361-362
condir n. masc. mayor ◇ SD/129-31 ◇ caun+dоr
* conui adj. commanding, (?) ruling ← Argonui LotR/A(ii) ◇ caun+-ui
corch n. crow ◇ Ety/362
cordof n. pippin (seed of certain fruits, or more probably small red apple) ◇ SD/129-31
ᵲ corf n. ring
corn adj. round, globed ◇ Ety/365
coron n. 1. globe, ball ○ 2. .by ext. mound ◇ Ety/365, S/429
† coru (N. corw) adj. cunning, wily ◇ Ety/366, X/W
cost n. quarrel, dispute (not a quarrel of bolts) ◇ Ety/365
ᵲ costha- v. quarrel, dispute (Q costa-)
¶ ᵲ cot n. nut, seed
coth n. 1. enmity ○ 2. enemy ◇ Ety/365
cova- v. to meet, to come together, gather, assemble PE/17:158
covad- v. to make meet, to bring together. Transitive form of cova- PE/17:158
* craban n. kind of crow of large size, raven ◇ LotR/II:III
cram n. cake of compressed flour or meal (often containing honey and milk) ◇ Ety/365, LotR/II:VIII
crann adj. ruddy (of face) ◇ Ety/362
¶ ᵲ crinth adj. pink (GL)
criss n. cleft, cut, slash ◇ Ety/365, VT/45:23
crissaegrim n. ‘cleft mountain peaks’, a mountain range south of Gondolin LR/301
crist n.Mil. cleaver, sword ◇ Ety/365
* critha- v. to reap ◇ Ety/365
crom n. left ◇ Ety/366
crum n. left hand ◇ Ety/366
crumguru adj. guilty, sinister, wily (from the old meaning of ‘sinister’ referring to being left-handed) Ety/AC
crumui adj. left-handed ◇ Ety/366
cы n. 1. arch, crescent ○ 2. Mil.by ext. bow ◇ Ety/365, S/429
cuen n. small gull, petrel, sea-bird PE/22:32
cugu n. dove ◇ Ety/365
* cuia- v. to live ← cuio LotR/VI:IV, Letters/308
cuil n. life ◇ Ety/366
cuin adj. alive ◇ Ety/366
* cuina- v. to be alive ◇ Ety/366
cыl n. load ← Cыl Veleg, Cыl Bоn RC/536
ᵲ culf n. orange (fruit)
ᵲ culforn n. orange tree
ᵲ cull adj. orange (colour)
cum (N. cumb) n. mound, heap ◇ Ety/365
cыn adj. bowed, bow-shaped, bent ◇ Ety/365
ᵲ cъna - v. to bend, be bowed
† cund n.arch. prince ◇ Ety/366, VT/45:24, X/ND1 See also caun III
¶ ᵲ cur n. cheese
¶ ᵲ curtha- v. to turn milk (GL)
† cъron n. the crescent Moon ◇ Ety/365, X/Z ◇ cы+raun
curu n. craft, skill. Applied to exceptional powers of mind or will, a skill not understood by the speaker. Does not apply to ‘miracles’ unless used by a Man. ◇ Ety/366, X/W, PE/22
curunнr n. masc. man of craft, wizard, Saruman ◇ Ety/366, LotR/III:VIII, LotR/B, VT/45:24 ◇ curu+dоr "man of skill"
* cyll n. bearer ← Taengyl, Tengyl MR/385
cэron n. new moon ◇ VT/48:7
ᵲ cytha- v. to renew, refresh
D
dad adv. down, downwards ◇ Ety/354
dadben (N. dadbenn) adv. 1. downhill, inclined ○ 2. by ext. easy to achieve ◇ Ety/354, Ety/380, VT/46:8, X/ND4 ◇ dad+pend
ᵲ dadhren- v. to forget
dadwen (ndadwen) n. to return, go back PE/17:166
dae (ndae) n. shadow ◇ Ety/354, S/430
daebeth n. blasphemy (PE/17)
daedelu n. canopy ◇ Ety/391 ◇ dae+telu
daen (ndaen) n. corpse ◇ Ety/375
daer I adj. great ◇ UT/450, WJ/187, WJ/335, VT/42:11
† daer II (ndaer) (N. doer) n. bridegroom ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:9, X/OE
ᵲ daetha- v. to praise
ᵲ daf- v. to allow, permit
dвf n. permission ◇ Ety/353
* dag- (ndag) v. to slay ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37
dagnir (ndagnir) n. 1. slayer ○ 2. by ext., bane ◇ S/430 ◇ dag-+dоr
dagor (ndagor) n. battle ◇ Ety/375, S/430 ◈ dagorath S. n. coll.
dagorath n. coll. of dagor, all the battles ◇ UT/395-396
* dagra- (ndagra) v. to battle ◇ Ety/375
dam (ndam) n. hammer ◇ Ety/375
damma- (ndamma) v. to hammer ◇ Ety/375, VT/45:37 ◈
dan (ndan) prep. 1. but, yet, against ○ 2. back ◇ LotR/II:IV
ᵲ dananna- (ndananna-) v. to give back, return (dan+anna-)
dangar- v. to undo (PE/17)
dangweth (ndangweth) n. answer, reply giving new information ◇ PM/395 ◇ OS *ndanagwetʰa "back report" The word dambeth was rejected by Tolkien in favour of this word.
ᵲ danhir- v. to lose (dad+hir-)
† danna- v. to fall ◇ Ety/354, X/Z ◈ Written dant- in the Etymologies
dannen n. ebb, low tide ◇ VT/48:26
dant n. fall ◇ MR/373
danwaith (ndanwaith) n.pl. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves) ◇ WJ/385 ◇ dan+gwaith
danwedh (ndanwedh) n. ransom ◇ S/384 ◇ dan+gwedh
* dar- v. to stay, wait, stop, remain ◇ Ety/353
dartha- v. to wait, stay, last, endure, remain ◇ Ety/353, VT/45:8
dath n. hole, pit, steep fall, abyss ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8
daug (ndaug) n. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of Orcs) ◇ Ety/375
daur n. 1. pause, stop ○ 2. by ext., league (about 3 miles) ◇ UT/279, UT/285
daw n. night-time, gloom ◇ Ety/354
def- v. to try (PE/17)
deil adj. delicate, beautiful and slender PE/17
del n. fear, disgust, loathing, horror ◇ Ety/355
deleb adj. horrible, abominable, loathsome ◇ Ety/355
delia- v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355
delos (N. deloth) n. abhorrence, detestation, loathing ◇ Ety/355 ◇ del+gos
† delu adj. hateful, deadly, fell ◇ Ety/355, X/W
dem adj. sad, gloomy ◇ Ety/354 ◈ No language indication in the Etymologies, but Noldorin from context and phonological evidence
denwaith n.pl. the Nandor (a tribe of Elves), the people of Denwe ◇ WJ/385 ◇ Den(we)+gwaith
dess (ndess) n. fem. young woman ◇ Ety/375
dew- v. to fail, miss (PE/17)
dha adv. there is PE/22
dо (ndо) n.poet.fem. bride, lady, arch. woman ◇ Ety/352, Ety/354
di- pref. beneath, under ← di-nguruthos LotR/IV:X, RGEO/72, Letters/278, VT/45:37 ◈ The only known usage of this word is as prefix, but VT/45:37 lists it as a unitary word di
dнhena- v. to forgive (with matter forgiven as object?) ◇ VT/44:29 See also gohena-
dоl n. stopper, stopping, stuffing ◇ Ety/354
dila- (ndila-) v. to be devoted to, love PE/22
* dilia- v. to stop up ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:9
dоn I n. silence ◇ S/430, LB/354 ◈ Tolkien hesitated between two possible mutations of this word; the unmutated form may be either dоn or tоn.
dоn II n. opening, gap, pass in mountains ◇ Ety/354
dнnen adj. silent ◇ S/430, WJ/194 ◈ Tolkien hesitated between two possible mutations of this word; the unmutated form may be either dнnen or tнnen
dineth (ndineth) n. bride ◇ Ety/377-378 ◇ dо+neth
dоr (ndоr) n.masc.arch. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race) ◇ Ety/354, Ety/352
dirbedui adj. difficult to pronounce (PE/17)
dнrnaith (nнrnaith) n.Mil. a military wedge-formation launched over a short distance against an enemy massing but not yet arrayed, or against a defensive formation on open ground ◇ UT/282 ◇ dоr+naith "man spearhead"
dоs (ndоs) n. fem. bride ◇ Ety/352, Ety/375 See also dineth
dofen (N. dofn) adj. gloomy ◇ Ety/355
dфl n. 1. head ○ 2. by ext. hill or mountain ◇ Ety/376, S/430, RC/268
doll (ndoll) (N. dolt) adj. dark, dusky, obscure ◇ Ety/355, Ety/376, Tengwestie/20031207
dolt n. round knob, boss ◇ Ety/376
doltha- v. to conceal ◇ Ety/355
dom adj. blind PE/22
dond n. fist, hand (especially in punching) ◇ VT/47:23
donn adj. swart, swarthy ◇ Ety/355, X/ND1
dфr (ndфr) n. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live ◇ Ety/376, S/430, WJ/413, Letters/417, VT/45:38, RC/384 ◈ The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45.
dor-rodyn n. Valinor, ‘Land of the Ainur’
dorn adj. stiff, tough ◇ WJ/413
dornhabar n. Khazad-Dыm (PE/17)
dornhoth n.class pl. of dorn the Dwarves, ‘the Thrawn Folk’ ◇ WJ/388 ◇ dorn+hoth
doron pl. deren n. oak tree ◇ Ety/355, VT/45:11
* dortha- (ndortha) v. to dwell, stay ◇ Ety/376
dosta- v. to burn
* drafa- v. to hew ◇ Ety/354, VT/45:8
drafen (N. drafn) n. hewn log ◇ Ety/354
† dram n. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.) ◇ Ety/354, X/MB
drambor n. 1. clenched fist ○ 2. by ext., blow (with fist) ◇ Ety/354 ◇ dram+paur
draug n. wolf ◇ Ety/354, S/430 see also garaf
ᵲ drautha- v. to tire, become weary
ᵲ drava- v. to beat
* drega- v. to flee ◈ Only the imperative drego is attested. Therefore, the verb may also be dreg-
* dring n. hammer ← Glamdring H, Ety/355
* dringa- v. to beat (with a hammer, etc.) ◇ Ety/355
drы pl. drъin n. wild man, Wose, Pъkel-Man ◇ UT/385 ◈ In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drы, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drъ was assigned the meaning "dark". Drы pl. Drъin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drъadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the