1) a bout /baʊt/ - приступ
= a short period of activity or illness
Some miners and their families have endured dozens of bouts of the disease.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/feb/21/venezuela-crisis-threatens-disease-epidemic-across-continent-experts
2) a briefing-инструктаж
= information that is given to someone just before they do something, or a meeting where this happens
In a briefing, Maj Gen Ghafoor says that Pakistan "had no alternative to respond" to Tuesday's Indian air strikes on its territory.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47383634
3) a constituent - избиратель, электорат
= someone who lives in a particular constituency
The two Catalans at the table, Miquel Roca and Jordi Solé Tura, wanted the text to grant the right of self-government to Spain’s constituent “nations” — an implicit reference to Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country — Mr. Roca recalled in an interview.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/europe/spain-constitution-election-catalonia.html
4) a creek - залив, бухта, устье реки
= a narrow area of water that flows into the land from the sea, a lake, etc.
Several communities also were under evacuation orders in Butte County because of flooded creeks.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/california-floods-today-mudslides-san-francisco-national-weather-service-a8799856.html
5) a custody /ˈkʌstədi/ - опека, попечительство
= the protective care or guardianship of someone or something
He said that one Indian pilot was in the custody of the Pakistani army.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47383634
6) a demise /dɪˈmaɪz/ - гибель, упадок
= the end of something, usually because it has stopped being popular or successful
Studying the demise of historic civilisations can tell us how much risk we face today, says collapse expert Luke Kemp.
https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse
7) a descendant - потомок
= someone who is related to someone who lived a long time ago
The condition is found throughout the Americas and the Caribbean among descendants of Africans brought to this hemisphere by the slave trade.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/01/health/sickle-cell-hydroxyurea-africa.html
8) a deterrent - средство устрашения /dɪˈterənt/
= something that stops people doing something because they are afraid of what will happen if they do
There is simply no evidence that the death penalty serves as a deterrent, and this inhumane practice must be abolished immediately.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/mar/01/global-war-on-drugs-could-harm-efforts-to-abolish-death-sentences-study
9) a drought - засуха
= a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water
Parts of eastern Australia continue to suffer through their worst drought in recent history.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-47410366
10) a jet – реактивный самолёт
= an aircraft with a jet engine that is able to flyvery fast
Pakistan says it has shot down two Indian Air Force jets in a major escalation of the Kashmir conflict.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47383634
11) a mudslide - оползень
= a mass of mud (wet earth) moving suddenly and quickly down a steep slope
There also was concern about potential mudslides in hillside areas saturated from days of downpours, and in areas scarred by 2017 wildfires.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/california-floods-today-mudslides-san-francisco-national-weather-service-a8799856.html
12) a poll - голосование
= the process of voting in an election
Reports of attacks and gunfire in some areas as voting gets under way in presidential poll.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/23/nigeria-election-goes-ahead-amid-violence-tech-failures
13) a workload - загруженность работой; грузоподъемность
= the amount of work to be done by someone or something
Sometimes her son’s workload is so heavy that Xu does his assignments for him, using her left hand to make her writing more childlike.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/02/china-population-control-two-child-policy
14) an enquiry /ɪnˈkwʌɪri/ - запрос
= an act of asking for information
He received 30 enquiries about it last month alone - all from abroad.
https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-47357732
15) an exodus - массовая эмиграция
= the movement of a lot of people from a place
Nearly 15,000 mostly women and children have fled the tiny enclave in the past week, overwhelming local Kurdish authorities who are dealing with the exodus.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-children-caliphate-syria-sdf-end-deaths-civilians-a8800046.html
16) an incentive - стимул, побуждение /ɪnˈsɛntɪv/
= a thing that motivates or encourages someone to do something; a payment or concession to stimulate greater output or investment.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/02/china-population-control-two-child-policy
17) an outbreak – вспышка, начало
= the time when something unpleasant and difficult to control starts, such as a war or disease
Continent-wide public health gains of the last 18 years could be undone if Venezuela does not accept help to control the spreading outbreaks of malaria, Zika, dengue and other illnesses that are afflicting its people, experts have warned in a report published in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/feb/21/venezuela-crisis-threatens-disease-epidemic-across-continent-experts
18) austerity - жесткая экономия
= a difficult economic situation caused by a government reducing the amount of money it spends
But the coalition government, making absurd comparisons with the seriously troubled Greek economy, caused the incipient recovery to stall by removing the fiscal stimulus and embarking on a prolonged period of austerity.
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/feb/09/william-keegan-nine-british-financial-crises-since-1967
19) aversion - отвращение, антипатия
= a strong feeling that you dislike someone or something
It highlighted the barriers standing in the way of engaging young people with nature: primarily dangers from traffic, parental fears of “stranger danger”, and a growing aversion to exposing children to any form of risk.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/25/social-media-inspiring-children-to-save-natural-world
20) bilateral двусторонний
= (a bilateral agreement or activity) is one that involves two groups or countries
Russia open to bilateral talks with U.S. over Venezuela crisis.
https://globalnews.ca/news/5017293/venezuela-russia-us-bilateral-talks/
21) commitment - приверженность, убеждения, преданность делу
a strong belief that something is good and that you should support it
When I look at this generation, and see their commitment, passion, hard work and inspirational actions, I’m inclined to think that they might just succeed.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/25/social-media-inspiring-children-to-save-natural-world
22) crackdown - жесткие меры / репрессия
= a series of severe measures to restrict undesirable or illegal people or behaviour
Bangladesh is now sheltering more than a million Myanmar refugees in camps, some 700,000 of whom have poured over the border in the past 18 months having fled a military-led crackdown in Rakhine state where thousands were killed, women were raped and villages razed.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/01/rohingya-crisis-bangladesh-says-it-will-not-accept-any-more-myanmar-refugees
23) credible – достоверный, надёжный
= able to be believed or trusted
Transport Minister Anthony Loke said it’s been frustrating that the two searches failed to produce any clues and that he “welcomes credible leads and also concrete proposals to resume the search.”
https://globalnews.ca/news/5016846/malaysia-mh370-resume-search/
24) daunting - устрашающий
= seeming difficult to deal with in prospect; intimidating
"He had been trying to figure out an effective way of killing billions of people <...> but found himself coming up against the daunting logistics of such a task."
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/02/christopher-hasson-coast-guard-neo-nazi-far-right
25) deadlock - тупик, мертвая точка
= a situation in which it is impossible to make progress or to reach a decision
But today’s Spaniards are increasingly questioning whether what was a triumph when it was written may, four decades later, have left the country in a deadlock.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/europe/spain-constitution-election-catalonia.html
26) disarray - беспорядок, замешательство
= a situation in which something is untidy and not organized
Those growing pains of the young democracy have left Spain — whose mesmerizing transition became a talisman of European progress in the late 20th century — an emblem of the Continent’s disarray in the 21st.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/europe/spain-constitution-election-catalonia.html
27) distribution - поставка, раздача
= the activity or work of supplying something or giving something out to people
Earmarked for distribution by the Venezuelan opposition, these supplies remained blocked from entering the country by Venezuelan authorities, she said.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/feb/27/infant-mortality-in-venezuela-has-doubled-during-crisis-un-says-politicised-aid
28) earthquake /ˈɜː(r)θˌkweɪk/ - землетрясение
a sudden shaking movement of the ground
Conservative estimates suggest more than 80,000 people now live in Jalousie, many of whom arrived after the 2010 earthquake, which the area miraculously escaped relatively unscathed.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2018/may/10/dignity-community-hope-haiti-jalousie-in-pictures
29) effort - усилие
= an attempt to do something that is difficult or that involves hard work
The unmonitored movement of people across the border between Pakistanand Afghanistan threatens efforts to eradicate polio from the two countries, as the year’s first cases of the virus are recorded in the volatile region.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/feb/20/polio-spreads-in-afghanistan-and-pakistan-due-to-unchecked-borders
30) endemic - свойственный данной местности
= especially of a disease or a condition, regularly found and very common among a particular group or in a particular area
The Treasury Department said the governors were “involved in endemic corruption and in blocking the delivery of critical humanitarian aid.”
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/world/americas/pence-guaido-venezuela-colombia.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage
31) endorsement-поддержка,одобрение
an occasion when someone gives official or public support to a particular person or thing
Predictably, despite endorsement from Sir David Attenborough, the report was largely ignored by politicians and the media.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/25/social-media-inspiring-children-to-save-natural-world
32) fickle - ненадежный, непостоянный (о человеке)
= someone who often changes his/her opinion about things
Even the word “nationality,” seen as such a victory 41 years ago, has been a fickle friend.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/europe/spain-constitution-election-catalonia.html
33) haphazard - беспорядочный, случайный /ˌhæpˈhæzəd/
= not planned, organized, controlled, or done regularly
Sweden and France among states found by the World Bank to enshrine gender equality in laws, but implementation haphazard.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/mar/01/only-six-countries-in-the-world-give-women-and-men-equal-legal-rights
34) inept - неумелый, неспособный
= having or showing no skill; clumsy
He said he was voting against the ruling party because Buhari’s administration has been inept and showed a “brazen disregard for the rule of law”.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/23/nigeria-election-goes-ahead-amid-violence-tech-failures
35) momentum- движущая сила /məʊˈmentəm/
= the way in which something continues to move, increase, or develop
However, the protests have gathered momentum since his declaration and on Monday, he banned protests and public gatherings, according to Reuters news agency.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47360373
36) nuclear - ядерный
being or using the power produced when the nucleus of an atom is divided or joined to another nucleus
The nuclear powers have fought three wars since independence from Britain in 1947. All but one were over Kashmir.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47383634
37) overwhelming - непреодолимый, всепоглощающий, ошеломляющий
= difficult to fight against; very great or very large
“The sheer scale of the number of people arriving at al-Hol is overwhelming,” said Misty Buswell, Middle East Advocacy Director for the International Rescue Committee (IRC), which operates in the camp.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-children-caliphate-syria-sdf-end-deaths-civilians-a8800046.html
38) pending /ˈpɛndɪŋ/ - ожидающий решения
= awaiting decision or settlement
A Labour spokesman confirmed he has now been suspended "pending investigation".
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-47393626
39) primarily - в первую очередь, главным образом
= mainly
It highlighted the barriers standing in the way of engaging young people with nature: primarily dangers from traffic, parental fears of “stranger danger”, and a growing aversion to exposing children to any form of risk.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/25/social-media-inspiring-children-to-save-natural-world
40) relentless - безжалостный, неумолимый, беспощадный
= continuing in a severe or extreme way
Thousands of people along a flooded river were under evacuation orders on Wednesday as a relentless storm pounded Northern California.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/california-floods-today-mudslides-san-francisco-national-weather-service-a8799856.html
41) sprawling /ˈsprɔː.lɪŋ/ - разрастающийся
= existing or reaching over a large area
And while our scale may now be global, collapse appears to happen to both sprawling empires and fledgling kingdoms alike.
https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse
42) stagnant - стоячий, спертый (о воде)
= stagnant water or air does not flow and becomes dirty and smells unpleasant
Stagnant water in pits and unsanitary camps provided a perfect breeding ground for mosquitos, and malaria was soon endemic at many of the mines.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/feb/21/venezuela-crisis-threatens-disease-epidemic-across-continent-experts
43) to heed - принимать во внимание
= to pay attention to some advice or a warning
It’s time to heed the deeply moving voice of youth.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/01/youth-climate-strikers-we-are-going-to-change-the-fate-of-humanity
44) to afflict - поражать (о болезни)
If an illness or problem afflicts you, it makes you suffer.
Continent-wide public health gains of the last 18 years could be undone if Venezuela does not accept help to control the spreading outbreaks of malaria, Zika, dengue and other illnesses that are afflicting its people, experts have warned in a report published in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/feb/21/venezuela-crisis-threatens-disease-epidemic-across-continent-experts
45) to aggravate – ухудшать
= to make a bad situation worse
The oil crises of the 1970s severely aggravated our economic problems, but they were external shock
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/feb/09/william-keegan-nine-british-financial-crises-since-1967
46) to embroil - впутывать
= to involve (someone) deeply in an argument, conflict, or difficult situation
It is an issue that has dogged Jeremy Corbyn’s leadership and embroiled him personally.
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2019/mar/01/labour-antisemitism-crisis-podcast
47) To ensue /ɪnˈsjuː/ - происходить, следовать за чем-либо
= to happen after something else, especially as a result of it
Public services crumble and disorder ensues as government loses control of its monopoly on violence.
https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse
48) to plummet /ˈplʌmɪt/ - резко падать (сокращаться, уменьшаться)
= to fall very quickly in amount or value
Five years later, it had plummeted to 2 million sq km (770,000 sq miles).
https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20190218-are-we-on-the-road-to-civilisation-collapse
49) to purport - подразумевать
= to pretend to be or to do something, especially in a way that is not easy to believe
Pakistan's information ministry has published a video purporting to show one of the Indian pilots that the Pakistani military says it has captured.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47383634
50) unambiguous - однозначный
= clear and with only one possible meaning
In private talks with Mr Cox, the ERG called for a legally binding mechanism to escape the backstop, with a clear exit route and an unambiguous rewrite of the language in the government's legal advice, according to The Sunday Times.
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-47432429