Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, inflammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials.
In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes all liquid, gaseous, and solid (e.g., paraffin) hydrocarbons. Under surface pressure and temperature conditions, lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane occur as gases, while pentane and heavier ones are in the form of liquids or solids. However, in an underground oil reservoir the proportions of gas, liquid, and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture.
An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptan in the gaseous state. At surface conditions these will condense out of the gas to form natural gas condensate, often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles petrol in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils.
The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium.
Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas.
Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae. Vast quantities of these remains settled to a sea or lake bottoms, mixing with sediments and being buried under anoxic conditions. As further layers settled to the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as kerogen, which is found in various oil shales around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons via a process known as catagenesis. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis in a variety of mainly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure.
Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for producing fuel oil and petrol, both important "primary energy" sources. 84% by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into energy-rich fuels (petroleum-based fuels), including petrol, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and liquefied petroleum gas.
Due to its high energy density, easy transportability and relative abundance, oil has become the world's most important source of energy. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics.
Слова к тексту.
inflammable – горючий, огнеопасный
porosity – пористость, скважинность
boiling – кипение, кипячение
occur – встречаться, находиться
solid – твёрдый
predominant – преобладающий, доминирующий
dissolve – растворять, разжигать
solution gas – растворенный в нефти газ
condense – конденсировать, сжижать,
resemble – подходить, иметь сходство
appearance – вид
volatile – летучий, быстро испаряющийся
fossil – ископаемое, окаменелость
zooplankton – зоопланктон
algae – морская водоросль
sediments – осадочные отложения, наносы
anoxic conditions – бескислородные условия, условия кислородного голодания
wax – парафин, твердые углеводороды
kerogen – кероген (органическое вещество битуминозных сланцев)
oil shale – нефтяной сланец
catagenesis – катагенез
via – через
endothermic – эндотермический, теплопоглощающий
thermal cracking - термический крекинг, термическое растрескивание, образование горячих трещин, образование трещин при перегреве
shallower level – мелкий, поверхностный
reservoir – коллектор, нефтеносный или газоносный пласт, резервуар, хранилище
Упр. 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
сырая нефть, жидкость, смесь углеводородов, вес, органическое соединение, очищать, точка кипения, газообразный, давление, твердый, нефтяная скважина, бензин, изменяться, нефтяное месторождение, азот, железо, молекулярный состав, образование, жидкое топливо, сжиженный нефтяной газ, углерод, сырье, нефтяной сланец, источник энергии, нефтеперерабатывающий завод, слой, лекарственные средства, растворитель.
Упр. 2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:
complex mixture of hydrocarbons
various molecular weights
liquid organic compounds
pressure and temperature conditions
volatile light crude oils
proportion of chemical elements
important "primary energy" sources
complex and expensive methods
fossilized organic materials
raw material for many chemical products
Упр. 3. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний из левой колонки.
1. inflammable
2. geological formation
3. oil drilling
4. depend on
5. dissolved
6. aromatic hydrocarbons
7. copper, sulfur, oxygen
8. reservoir
9. sea bottom
10. fossil fuel
1. бурение нефти
2. растворимый
3. ароматические углеводороды
4. нефтеносный пласт
5. морское дно
6. зависеть от
7. органическое топливо
8. горючий
9. медь, сера, кислород
10. геологическое образование
Упр. 4. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний из левой колонки.
1. тяжелая сырая нефть
2. легкие углеводороды
3. включать
4. газообразные углеводороды
5. давление
6. газовая скважина
7. поверхность
8. потребительские продукты
9. производство
10. осадочные отложения
1. consumer products
2. manufacturing
3. include
4. surface
5. gas well
6. light hydrocarbons
7. pressure
8. heavy oil
9. sediments
10. gaseous hydrocarbons
Упр. 5. Прочитайте следующие предложения. Найдите в каждом из них группу «подлежащие – сказуемое», определите время и залог сказуемого. Составьте все типы вопросов к предложениям.
1. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling.
2. An oil well produces predominantly crude oil.
3. Some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas.
4. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons.
5. Crude oil may also be found in semi-solid form mixed with sand and water.
6. Oil has become the world's most important source of energy.
7. Heavy oil is being produced from this well now.
8. Crude oil was produced at this oil field two years ago.
Упр. 6. Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими высказываниями. Подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста, используя следующие разговорные формулы: I don’t think so; it’s true; it’s not right; I can’t agree with you; you are wrong; on the one hand; on the other hand; according to the text.
1. Condensate resembles petrol in appearance and is similar in composition to some light crude oils.
2. Well are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil.
3. The latter set is regularly used in petrochemical plants and oil refineries.
4. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials.
5. Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition.
6. The natural pressure in many reservoirs, however, eventually dissipates.
7. Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form.
8. In some reservoirs the natural pressure is sufficient over a long time.
Упр. 7. Переведите предложения на английский язык:
1. Нефть – это горючая жидкость, состоящая из сложной смеси углеводородов различных молекулярных весов и других жидких органических соединений.
2. Нефть добывают главным образом путём бурения.
3. Нефть используют в производстве различных материалов.
4. Нефть и горючий газ встречаются в земных недрах как вместе, так и раздельно.
5. Углеводороды в сырой нефти являются главным образом алканами, циклоалканами и различными ароматическими углеводородами, в то время как другие органические соединения содержат азот, кислород и серу, а также незначительное количество металлов, таких как железо, никель, медь и ванадий.
6. Нефть относится к группе осадочных пород вместе с песками, глинами, известняками, каменной солью и др.
7. Различные компоненты нефти переходят в газообразное состояние при различной температуре.
8. Нефть также является сырьём для многих химических продуктов, включая лекарственные средства, растворители, удобрения, пестициды, пластмассы.
9. Нефтяники считают, что добыча нефти зависит от пластового давления.
10. Нефть останется в ближайшем будущем основой обеспечения энергией народного хозяйства и сырьем нефтехимической промышленности.
Упр. 8. Пользуясь словарем, письменно переведите следующие предложения:
1. Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil; a porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in; and a cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface.
2. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs.
3. Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above.
4. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir.
5. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping.
6. The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where hydrocarbons are broken down to oil and natural gas by a set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions.
7. The latter set is regularly used in petrochemical plants and oil refineries.
8. The present Russian classification of crude oil and natural gas resources by criteria of exploration and validity has been using since 1983.
9. Another important point in classifying petroleum for sale is the amount of impurities in the oil and gas.
10. The hydrogen and carbon materials which make up the composition of petroleum are considered to come from the decompressed plants and animals that were living on land and in the sea.
Упр. 9. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What is petroleum?
2. How is petroleum recovered?
3. Is petroleum used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials?
4. What does petroleum include?
5. What are the hydrocarbons in crude oil?
6. Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition, does not it?
7. Where is crude oil usually found?
8. Where is petroleum used as a raw material?
9. Where is petroleum derived from?
10. Why has oil become the world’s most important source of energy?
Упр. 10. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя следующие разговорные формулы:
The subject of the text is; the text deals with; it should be noted that; according to the text; I can add; I’d like to say that; as a matter of fact; broadly speaking; as far as I know; to my mind; in my opinion; it’s important to say that; I’d like to say some words about; it should be pointed; as is known; the text is about; the content of the text.
Урок 5.
Тема: Нефтепродукты.
Задание. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание, пользуясь списком новых слов и словосочетаний. Выполните следующие за ним упражнения.