The morphemic structure of the word. Classification of morphemes: lexical, functional, derivational morphemes; free, bound morphemes; zero morphemes.




Экзамен «Теоретическая грамматика»

В 18:30 в группах ИЯ.20.2-61 (21, 42, 61, 62, 82)

Grammar in the systemic conception of language study. Its connections with logic and linguistic sciences such as phonology, lexicology and stylistics.

1. Определение грамматики - раздел науки о языке изучающий

А) Правила изменения слов по двум парадигмам – словообразовательной и категориальной.

Б) Правила построения фразы и предложения

2. Грамматика – это ощущения коллектива носителей языка в отношении наиболее правильных и наиболее продуктивных моделей выражения мыслей в процессе речевого общения.

Grammar is closely connected with stylistic. When we analyze a text we cannot but notice a stylistic effect.

The hardest evidence in favor of the links between grammar and lexicology is the existence of polysemantic words. Different meanings of one of the same word can be realized in different grammatical environmental.

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While the direct subject matter of logic cannot be restricted to words, or even to the meaning of words as distinguished from the meaning or implication of propositions, logic is closely connected with general grammar, and it is not always easy to draw a sharp line between the grammatical and the logical writings of the philosophers like Aristotle.

https://books.google.ru/books?id=5Ep8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT19&lpg=PT19&dq=while+the+direct+subject+matter+of+logic+cannot+be+restricted+to+words&source=bl&ots=AETpceP7h8&sig=60v5gP9hR61h7TXbXNxFqg1xc4A&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi14pG90a3UAhWDK5oKHRfbCNQQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=while%20the%20direct%20subject%20matter%20of%20logic%20cannot%20be%20restricted%20to%20words&f=false

Theoretical grammar is closely connected with the other linguistic sciences: Phonetics, Lexicology, word-building and Stylistics.

The importance of the connection between Phonetics and Grammar stands explained if we remember that the study of phonetics as a separate branch began in XIX century, earlier it was the past of Grammar. Pronunciation and stress participate in signification: discrimination between the words may be based upon the stress. For example, the word ’import is recognized as a noun and distinguished from the verb im’port due to the position of stress. Stress also distinguishes compound from homonymous word-grouds: blackbird – black bird. Pronunciation helps us to distinguish noun compliment /ə/ from the verb compliment /e/. These conditions give a general idea of the possible link between Grammar and Phonetics.

Lexicology and Grammar are connected though the object of their study, with is a word. Even isolated words as presented in a dictionary bear a definite relation to the grammatical system of the language because they belong to some part of speech and conform to some lexico-gammatical characteristics of the word-class to which they belong. https://www.liveinternet.ru/users/outcast/post202581003/

 

The morphemic structure of the word. Classification of morphemes: lexical, functional, derivational morphemes; free, bound morphemes; zero morphemes.

Unlike phonemes morphemes are real parts of words, and they possessed the lexical meanings of their own.

Bene/fact/r/ess/es

Absent/-mind/ed/ness

Child/r/en

Ox/en

Morphemes can be classified into lexical, grammatical and derivational groups.

Lexical morphemes such as roots express the concrete material part of the word.

Derivational morphemes can produce one part of speech out of another.

Grammatical ones express the meanings of grammatical categories.

Hero/ine

Black/mail/ing

Poet/ess

Book/let/s

Cliff/hang/er/s

Morphemes can be free and bound.

Free morphemes coincide with separate words (Совпадают с отдельными словами). They are independent but sometimes they accur in a cluster with bound morphemes to form new words.

Anti-clockwise, handful.

In English grammar we also distinguish zero morphemes. Which are exponents of the unmarked members of grammatical opposition.

A boy_ The boy[s]/es

A boy _ boys

Write wr o te will write

(Из лекций)

3. The notion of a grammatical category. Immanent and reflective categories. Synthetic and analytical categories. Types of grammatical oppositions (privative, gradual, equipollent). The notions of a grammatical form and a grammatical meaning.

 

4. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in grammar. The notions of a syntagm and a paradigm. Types of syntagms in English.

 

5. The notion of parts of speech. Criteria of analyzing words into parts of speech (formal, semantic, distributional). Notional and functional parts of speech and their peculiarities. The lexical paradigm of nomination in English notional words. The pronoun as a part of speech. Its substitutional nature.

6. Modern English nouns. General characteristics (word-building elements, classification into common and proper nouns, countable and uncountable nouns, animate and inanimate nouns, abstract, material and collective nouns, singularia and pluralia tantum nouns. Examples of transposition of nouns. “Cannon ball problem”.

 

The noun as a part of speech has the categorial meaning of “substance” or “thingness”, it follows from this that the noun is the main nominative part of speech, effecting nomination of the fullest value within the framework of the notional division of the lexicon.

 

Nouns can be classified according to the criteria of form and meaning.

Form:

1. Simple(house, drive)

2. Derived(misconduct, inexperience)

3. compound(blackboard, snowball)

4. composite (brother-in-low, merry-go-round, stick-in-the-mind)

 

As the part of speech, the noun is also characterized by a set of formal features determining its specific status in the lexical paradigm of nomination. It has its word building distinctions, including typical suffixes, compound stem models, conversion patterns. It discriminates the grammatical categories of gender, number, case, article determination.

 

The cited formal features taken together are relevant for the division of nouns into several subclasses, which are identified by means of explicit classificational criteria. The most general and rigorously delimited subclasses of nouns are grouped into four oppositional pairs.

 

The first nounal subclass opposition differentiates proper and common nouns. The foundation of this division is “type of nomination”. With regard to proper nouns we can say the sign and the designated objects form an indivisible unity. (Moscow. Olga, The Baikal). Proper nouns serve not only to name but to identify.

 

Common nouns are different from proper nouns in the matter of their semantic structure. Proper nouns do not have a developed semantic structure unlike common class nouns.

 

The second subclass opposition differentiates animate and inanimate nouns on the basis of “form of existence”. The third subclass opposition differentiates human and non-human nouns on the basis of “personal quality”. The fourth subclass opposition differentiates countable and uncountable nouns on the basis of “quantitative structure”

 

singularia and pluralia tantum are the subclasses of uncountable nouns. Singularia tantum or absolute singular excludes the use of the modifying numeral one, as well as the indefinite article.

Pluralia tantum or absolute plural, as different from the common plural, cannot directly combine with numerals, and only occasionally it does combine with discrete quantifiers(many, few etc).

 

Examples of transposotion:

 

Prepositional combinability with another noun, a verb, an adj or an adverb. e.g. an entrance to the house

 

The casal (possessive) combinability - prepositional combinability of a noun with another noun. e.g. the speech of the president

Unlike in many other languages, nouns in English can form contact strings word sequences in which one noun in the common case refers as an attribute to the following noun.

 

e.g. court regulations, address book, air conditioner, assembly line, burglar alarm. Credit card etc.

 

The problem (a cannon ball problem) is whether these contact strings should be analized as word groups (phrases) or composite words (nouns). In fact, these structure resemble both and in many cases the two words in them grow into one.

 

e.g. headquarters, fireplace, armchair.


https://doclecture.net/1-45433.html

Transposition of Nouns. Lexico-gramm meaning of a N is to denote objects and things-> N are devided into proper, common, concrete, abstract, material, collective. Cases of Transposition (T):

1) when e.g. concrete nouns are used acc to the rules of proper nouns and so on. It results in creating ANTONOMASIA or PERSONIFICATION (e.g. John will never be a Shakespeare)/2) Nouns have category of number and are subdivided into countables-uncounables.. Each group has its own regularities of usage. When these regularities are broken for stylistic reasons, speech becomes expressive. Uncountable nouns, or countable nouns in the singular, occasionally realizing the meaning of more than oneness, evoke picturesque connotations: to keep chick - to keep chicks, snow - snows, time - times, water - waters.

2) When inanimate nouns are used in the possessive case, their initial meaning of inanimateness is transposed. In such cases they.render the meanings of time or distance (mile's walk, hour's time), part of a whole (book's page, table's leg), or qualitative characteristics (plan's failure, winter's snowdrifts).

3) Stylistic potential of nouns is significantly reinforced by transpositions in the usage of articles as noun-determiners. Transposition occurs when: the indefinite article combined with names of persons may denote one representative of a family (Mary will never be a Brown), a person unknown to the communicants (Jack was robbed by a Smith), a temporary feature of character (That day Jane was different. It was a silly Jane). Stylistic usage of the definite article takes place when names of persons are modified by limiting attributes (You are not the John whom I married), when a proper name denotes the whole family (The Browns are good people), or when a name of a person is modified by a descriptive attribute denoting a permanent feature of character (I entered the room. There was - the clever Polly).

https://www.studfiles.ru/preview/5461897/page:2/

 

English nouns can also easily combine with one another by sheer contact, unmediated by any special lexemic or mor-phemic means. In the contact group the noun in preposition plays the role of a semantic qualifier to the noun in post-position. E.g.: a cannon ball; a log cabin; a sports event; film festivals.

The lexico-grammatical status of such combinations has presented a big problem for many scholars, who were uncertain as to the linguistic heading under which to treat them:

either as one separate word, or a word-group.* In the history of linguistics the controversy about the lexico-grammatical status of the constructions in question has received the half-facetious name " The cannon ball problem ".

https://www.homeenglish.ru/Textblokh1.htm

 

Abstract noun: An abstract noun is usually the name of a feelings, ideas, action, state and characteristics, or qualities considered apart from the object to which it belongs as.

Material noun: There are the raw elements or objects existing in nature.

Collective noun:

i) A collective noun is a name of a number (collection) of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole as:

Crowd, mob, team, flock, herd, army, fleet, jury, family, nation, parliament, committee.

ii) Nouns that refer to a specific group of persons or things are called Collective Nouns.

https://grammarinenglish.com/nouns/

 



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