ИЯШ № 3, 2005
Приемы обучения различным видам чтения.
Ощепкова Т.В., Пролыгина М.М., Старкова Д.А.
Обучение чтению должно быть максимально приближено к условиям реальной жизни, в которых учащимся могут понадобиться данные умения.
Например, умение поискового чтения (scanning) в реальной жизни мы используем, когда просматриваем телевизионную программу или рекламный проспект, знакомимся с меню, оглавлением книги, ищем незнакомое слово в словаре, номер телефона в справочнике, товар в каталоге, информацию о прибытии поезда на табло железнодорожного вокзала и т.п.
Чтение информативных текстов научно-популярного и общественно-политического характера, таких как: страничка в Интернете, статья в газете, доклад на научной конференции, как правило начинается с ознакомления с их общим содержанием. Для того чтобы определить основную идею текста читателю необходимо применить умение просмотрового чтения (skimming).
Часто в повседневной жизни нам важно получить подробную информацию об интересующем нас явлении или событии, что требует владения умением читать с полным пониманием содержания (intensive reading). Обычно таким образом мы читаем художественную литературу (рассказы, стихи, сказки и т.п.), научно-популярные статьи, инструкции, рецепты, письма, книги по специальности и т.п. Данный вид чтения предполагает, что читатель может остановиться на заинтересовавших его отрывках, перечитать и проанализировать их, сделать выводы.
Очевидно, что не каждый текст может быть использован для развития определенных умений чтения, то есть в учебной ситуации при выборе текста следует исходить из умений, над развитием которых работает учитель и его ученики в рамках изучаемой темы.
Например, в реальной жизни программу телепередач мы чаще всего читаем для того, чтобы узнать время, когда начинается интересующая нас передача (поисковое чтение). Используя следующую программу (текст № 1), учитель может попросить учащихся выяснить, какой сериал они могут посмотреть, если вернуться из школы в 16:30.
Текст № 1.
Saturday 22 September
| BBC1 | BBC2 | CHANNEL 4 |
| 7.00 Planet Saturday: Little Bear (R) (T) (S) 7.30Brum (R) (T) (S) 7.40 Fix and Foxi (R) (T) (S) 7.50 Gadget Boy (R) (T) (S) 8.15Rugrats (R) (T) (S) 8.40 Flint the Time Detective (T) (S)9.00The Saturday Show (T) (S) 12.00 Football Focus 12.50 ВВС News (T) 1.00 Grandstand: 1.10 Racing from Newbury. 1.20 Rugby Union Build-Up. 1.40 Racing. 1.50 Rugby Union Build-Up. 2.05 Racing. 2.20 Rugby Union Build-Up. 2.40 Racing. 2.50 Six Nations Rugby Union. 3.45 Football Half-Times. 3.55 Six Nations Rugby Union. Times may vary. (T) (S) 4.45 Final Score. 5.35 News; Weather (T) 5.50 Regional News; Sport 5.55 Jim Davidson's Generation Game (T) (S) 6.50 Dog Eat Dog Ulrika Jonsson hosts the challenge show. (T) (S) 7.30 The National Lottery: Winning Lines Phillip Schofield introduces the lottery-based quiz show. (T) (S) | 6.10 Open University 8.00 Weekend 24. News. (S)9.00Well Connected 9.30The Ad Factor (T) 10.00 Well Connected 10.05 Big Money in Kentucky (T) 10.35 Open Advice Shorts: Feedback. With Newcastle United goalkeeper Steve Harper. (T) 10.40See Hear! On Saturday (S) 11.25 The Sky at Night (R) (T) (S) 11.45 Holiday Snaps (T) (S)12.00 Stingray (R) (T)12.25The Natural World (R) (T) 1.15 FILM: A Double Life (1947) An actor playing Othello becomes obsessed with the role, triggering a real-life tragedy. Oscar-winning theatrical drama, starring Ronald Colman. (T) *** 2.55 FILM: The Treasure of Pancho Villa (1955) The story of a 1915 gold-train robbery masterminded by the infamous Mexican bandit. Action adventure, starring Rory Calhoun and Shelley Winters. (T) * 5.15 FILM: To Hell and Back (1955) Second World War biopic (T)** | 5.55 Animal Alphabet (R) (T)5.58 The Clangers (R) (T) 6.05 The Hoobs (R) (T) 6.35Blue's Clues (T) 7.00 Offshore Powerboating 7.30 Motorsport on 4: The Rally Masters 8.00 Trans World Sport (T) 9.00 The Morning Line 10.00Football Italia 11.00Motorsport on 4: Speedway Grand Prix (T)12.00Happy Days (R) (T) 1.00 Little House on the Prairie (R) (T) 2.00 Racing from Ayr and Newmarket 5.10 Brookside. Omnibus. Jackie continues to make amends with Jimmy. (T) 6.35 Channel 4 NewsIncluding sport and weather. (T) 7.10 Tek Sing Treasure-hunter Michael Hatcher and maritime historian Nigel Pickford search for the wreck of the fabled Tek Sing, a Chinese boat said to have sunk in 1822 carrying a precious cargo. (R) (T) 8.10 I'm Not Racist, ButChannel 4 begins a season called How racist is Britain? with the results of a survey canvassing white opinion. |
(R) Repeat (S) Stereo (T) Teletext (*) Black/White
Movie Rating ***** Brilliant **** Very Good *** Worth Watching ** Fair * Bad
Key: Brookside on channel 4 at 5.10.
Похожим способом извлекается информация из рекламных объявлений (текст № 2). Например, просматривая брошюры различных туристических фирм, человек обращает внимание на цены, возможные скидки, длительность тура, дополнительные услуги и т.п., выбирая наиболее подходящий вид отдыха.
Текст № 2.
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Открывая журнал или газету, читатель чаще всего просматривает статью (ознакомительное чтение / чтение с пониманием основной идеи), чтобы выяснить, представляет ли содержащаяся в ней информация какой-либо интерес или пользу.
Текст № 3.
Court Battle Over Baby's Name
The Kepurra family from the eastern German town of Oranienburg have been battling officials for a year over their choice of name.
Jona, a common girl's name in Israel, is cited in reference books as a version of the biblical name Jonah, the male character who spent three days and three nights in the belly of a whale.
But registry office authorities in Germany insist it is a boy's name and have asked that a recent court decision allowing the Kepurras to use the name for their daughter be re-examined. Officials said the baby would remain nameless until the court decision. The legal wrangling in Germany contrasts sharply with the relaxed approach to names in many other countries.
Задания, предлагаемые к тексту также должны быть адекватны развиваемым умениям. Некоторые из существующих приемов работы при обучении различным видам чтения приведены в следующей таблице. (Краткое описание каждой из представленных в таблице приемов работы приведено в конце статьи.)
| SKIMMING | Scanning | Intensive | |
| Asking/answering questions | Asking/answering questions | Asking/answering questions | Multiple-choice |
| Categorizing | Categorizing | Categorizing | Note-taking |
| Correction | Correction | Cloze | Picture completion |
| Labeling | Finding differences/ similarities | Completing | Predicting |
| Matching | Gap-filling | Correction | Quiz |
| Multiple-choice | Matching | Finding differences/similarities | Reordering |
| Outlining | Multiple-choice | Gap-filling | T/F statements |
| Paragraphing | Note-taking | Information transfer | Table-filling |
| Reordering | Picture completion | Jig-Saw | Translation |
| Summarising | Quiz | Listing | |
| T/F statements | T/F statements | Matching | |
| Table-filling | Mind-mapping |
Очевидно, что отдельные приемы работы могут быть использованы для развития различных умений чтения. Так, прием работы categorizing – деление на категории – может быть использован для развития всех трех видов чтения.
Например, во время ознакомительного чтения, учащиеся получают следующее здание: Просмотрите краткое описание нескольких фильмов и определите, к какому жанру относится каждый из них.
Текст № 4
| 1. Ransom Stars: Mel Gibson, Rene Russo, Gary Sinise, Lili Taylor Director: Ron Howard Gibson plays millionaire airline whose perfect family life is hijacked when kidnappers snatch his son and demand $2 mln ransom. He agrees to pay, but when the drop goes wrong, Mullen appears on TV to offer the money as a bounty on their heads – dea d or alive. Despite the fact that his distraught wife (Russo), the FBI and the public moral majority improve him to reverse his decision, so Mullen stands firm, believing that it is the only way to save his son's life. As the stakes rise, on the other side of the fence, Mullen's powerful frustration and agonistic desperation is mirrored by cop-turned kidnapper Jimmy Shaker (Sinise), who can only watch hopelessly as his perfect crime crumbles before his eyes.(1997)*** |
| 2. The Negotiator Stars: Samuel L. Jackson, Kevin Spacey, David Morse, Ron Rifkin Director: F Gary Gray Samuel L. Jackson, a police hostage negotiator, is framed for murder. Desperate to prove himself innocent, he takes some hostages of his own. Kevin Spacey is brought in to "out-negotiate" the top negotiator. A perfect combination of high tension and edge-of-seat action makes this performance to a must-see. (1998)**** |
| 3. Daylight Stars: Sylvester Stallone, Amy Brenneman Director: Rob Cohen A gigantic explosion rips through the commuter tunnel that acts umbilical cord between New Jersey and Manhattan, sealing both ends, There seems little hope for the handful of survivors trapped under the Hudson River, especially when water begins to gush in by the gallon. Only ex- Emergency Medical Chief Kit Latura (Stallone) can save the day, and perhaps even exorcise a few past ghosts in the process.(1998)*** |
| 4. The Lost World Stars: Jeff Goldblum, Julianne Moor, Alice Howard, etc. Director: Steven Spielberg A group of dinosaurs has left their island. Ex InGen director John Hammond has packed a team of experts to record the creatures before it's too late. But it is not only them who are interested in capturing the dinos, white hunter Roland Tembo and his bad guys want to catch them for a new park in San Diego.(1998)**** |
| 5. Liar Liar Stars: Jim Carrey, Maura Tierney, Justin Cooper. Director: Tom Shadyak. Fletcher Read (Jim Carrey) is a hot-shot lawyer who lies to people throughout most of his working day. Even his own son Max knows what his dad's job involves. So when Fletch fails to turn up for his son's fifth birthday party, the little boy makes a special wish - that his dad will be uncapable of telling a lie, only the truth for the next 24 hours. His wish is granted, but it leads to terrible and comic consequences for Fletch's day. (1997)**** |
| 6. Overboard Stars: Goldie Hawn, Kurt Russel. Director: Garry Marshall A spoilt heiress (Goldie Hawn) loses her memory when she falls of her luxury yacht. When she wakes up in hospital, a carpenter (Kurt Russel) who she has cheated claims her as his wife and takes her home to look after his unruly brood of children.(1987)**** |
| 7. Addicted to Love Director: Griffin Dunne Stars: Meg Ryan, Matthew Broderick, Kelly Preston, Tcheky Karyo The boyish Broderick plays Sam, an astronomer who doesn't notice that his gorgeous girlfriend Linda (Preston) is bored with life in the middle of nowhere. When she packs her bags and leaves for New York, he quickly follows only to discover if she has already met new lover, a comically suave French restaurateur, Anton (Karyo). Sam sets to spying on the couple while Anton's former lover, Maggie turns up. In fact, she is Linda, dressed-up in biker's clothes. Eventually, Linda and Sam fall in love with each other. (1998)*** |
Movie Rating ***** Brilliant **** Very Good *** Worth Watching ** Fair * Bad
Key:
| thriller | disaster movie | comedy |
| Ransom The Negotiator | Daylight The Lost World | Liar Liar Addicted to Love Overboard |
Просматривая программу телевидения (см. текст № 1) с целью извлечения частичной информации, учащиеся выбирают программы соответствующие предложенным категориям:
| Entertaining programmes | Films | Sports programmes |
| Ö The Saturday Show on BBC1 at 9:00; Ö Jim Davidson's Generation Game on BBC1 at 5.55; Ö Dog Eat Dog on BBC1 at 6:50; Ö The National Lottery on BBC1 at 7.30. | Ö A Double Life on BBC2 at 1:15; Ö The Treasure of Pancho Villa on BBC2 at 2:55. | Ö Football Focus on BBC1at 12.00; Ö Grandstand on BBC1at 1:00; Ö Open Advice Shorts on BBC2 at 10.35; Ö The Hoobs on Channel 4 at 6.05; Ö Racing on Channel 4 at 2.00. |
В ходе чтения отрывка из художественной литературы (текст № 5) с целью извлечения полной информации учащимся можно предложить выделить две группы содержащихся в тексте высказываний – объективно существующие факты и мнения автора.
Текст № 5.
The policeman on the beat moved up the avenue impressively. The impressiveness was habitual and not for show, for spectators were few. The time was barely 10 o'clock at night, but chilly gusts of wind with a taste of rain in them had well nigh depeopled the streets.
Trying doors as he went, twirling his club with many intricate and artful movements, turning now and then to cast his watchful eye adown the pacific thoroughfare, the officer, with his stalwart form and slight swagger, made a fine picture of a guardian of the peace. The vicinity was one that kept early hours. Now and then you might see the lights or a cigar store or of an all-night lunch counter: but the majority of the doors belonged to business places that had long since been closed.
When about midway of a certain block the policeman suddenly slowed his walk. In the doorway of a darkened hardware store a man leaned, with an unlighted cigar in his mouth.
As the policeman walked up to him the man spoke up quickly.
'It's all right, officer,' he said, reassuringly. 'I'm just waiting for a friend. It's an appointment made twenty years ago. Sounds a little funny to you, doesn't it? Well, I'll explain if you'd like to make certain it's all straight. About that long ago there used to be a restaurant where this store stands - 'Big Joe' Brady's restaurant.'
'Until five years ago,' said the policeman. 'It was torn down then.'
The man in the doorway struck a match and lit his cigar. The light showed a pale, square-jawed face with keen eyes, and a little white scar near his right eyebrow. His scarfpin was a large diamond, oddly set.
"Twenty years ago to-night,' said the man, 'I dined here at 'Big Joe' Brady's with Jimmy Wells, my best chum, and the finest chap in the… etc. (from 0. Henry's Short Stories.)
Key:
| Facts | Opinions |
| · The time was barely 10 o'clock at night. · It was dark. · There were two men in the street – a stranger and a policeman. · Etc. | · The policeman moved impressively. · chilly gusts of wind, · His scarfpin was a large diamond, oddly set. · Etc. |
Данные примеры иллюстрирует прием работы, который может быть использован в различных учебных ситуациях. Существует также ряд приемов работы, которые возможно использовать только для работы над одним видом чтения. Так, прием cloze может быть использован только для развития умения чтения с полным пониманием информации, так как заполнение пропусков невозможно без понимания всех перечисленных в тексте деталей. Например, учащиеся получают текст, в котором каждое девятое слово пропущено. Задача учащихся – заполнить пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Текст № 6.
THE CAT
Our cats were first tamed in Egypt.
There______ many kinds of cats: white cats, black cats, ______ cats, red cats: cats with long tails, cats ______ bushy tails, cats with no tails at all. ______ are clean and pretty. They are very wise, ______ can find their way anywhere. You can make ______ friends with cats, but they are not so _______ as dogs. They are more shy and independent. _______ cat has a nice coat. It is made ______ fur, and the fur is very thick and ______. The cat's feet have sharp claws. It can ______ them in, then its paws are soft. The _______ eyes are green and yellow. It can see _______ the dark and in the light. The light ______ the day is too strong for its eyes, _______ it often shuts them. But at night, when ______ is only a little light, it opens its _______ very wide. When the cat is happy, it ______. It says, "Purr, purr."
Key: are, grey, with, cats, and, great, loving, the, of, warm, pull, cat's, in, of, and, there, eyes, sings (if students used a word different from what the key is giving, but suitable for the context, it shouldn't be considered a mistake).
Деление текста на параграфы (paragraphing) – требует чтения и понимания основной идеи, так как для выделения частей необходимо понять, о чем говориться в каждой из них. Следовательно, данный прием работы является особенно эффективным при обучении чтению с полным охватом содержания.
Например, учащимся может быть предложено задание разделить текст на пять частей.