Тексты по направлениям
"Информатика и вычислительная техника"
"Автоматизация технологических процессов и производств"
ВАРИАНТ 1
1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст:
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements: Hardware, Software, People, Procedures, Data-information. When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer system, connectivity becomes the sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected – for example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite – is an element of the total computer system. Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present. The basic job of computer is processing information. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a programme and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed, refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert data into information.
2. Прочитайте текст снова и письменно ответьте на вопросы:
1. What does the term "computer" describe?
2. What are five components of computer system?
3. What is connectivity?
4. What is software?
5. What is computer used to?
ВАРИАНТ 2
1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст:
COMPUTER LITERACY
Informed citizens of our information-dependent society should be computer-literate, which means that they should be able to use computers as everyday problem-solving devices. They should be aware of the potential of computers to influence the quality of life. There was a time when only privileged people had an opportunity to learn the basics, called the three R's: reading, writing, and arithmetic. Now, as we are quickly becoming an information-becoming society, it is time to restate this right as the right to learn reading, writing and computing. There is little doubt that computers and their many applications are among the most significant technical achievements of the century. They bring with them both economic and social changes. "Computing" is a concept that embraces not only the old third R, arithmetic, but also a new idea – computer literacy. In an information society a person who is computer-literate need not be an expert on the design of computers. He needn't even know much about how to prepare programs which are the instructions that direct the operations of computers. All of us are already on the way to becoming computer-literate. Just think of your everyday life. If you receive a subscription magazine in the post-office, it is probably addressed to you by a computer. If you buy something with a bank credit card or pay a bill by check, computers help you process the information. When you check out at the counter of your store, a computer assists the checkout clerk and the store manager. When you visit your doctor, your schedules and bills and special services, such as laboratory tests, are prepared by computer.
2. Прочитайте текст снова и письменно ответьте на вопросы:
1. What does “a computer-literate person” mean?
2. What do people mean by “the basics”?
3. What is the role of computers in our society?
4. What is “computing”?
5. What helps you process the information if you pay a bill by a check?
ВАРИАНТ 3
1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст:
THE FIRST COMPUTERS
In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Many technical developments of electronic digital computers took place in the 1940s and 1950s. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The man responsible for this invention was Professor Howard Aiken. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems at a very fast rate. In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Maushly, built their digital computer with vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). Another important achievement in developing computers came in 1947, when John von Neumann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer's memory. The contribution of John von Neumann was particularly significant. As contrasted with Babbage's analytical engine, which was designed to store only data, von Neumann's machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or EDVAC, was able to store both data and instructions. He also contributed to the idea of storing data and instructions in a binary code that uses only ones and zeros. This simplified computer design. Thus computers use two conditions, high voltage, and low voltage, to translate the symbols by which we communicate into unique combinations of electrical pulses. We refer to these combinations as codes.
2. Прочитайте текст снова и письменно ответьте на вопросы:
1. When was the first analog computer built?
2. Where and how was that computer used?
3. When did the first digital computers appear?
4. Who was the inventor of the first digital computer?
5. What could that device do?
ВАРИАНТ 4
1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст:
STORAGE UNITS
Computer system architecture is organized around the primary storage unit because all data and instructions used by the computer system must pass through primary storage. Our discussion of computer system units will begin with the functions of the primary and secondary storage units. This leads to the examination of the central processing unit and from there to the consideration of the input and output units. Therefore, the sequence in which we'll describe the functional units of a digital computer is: 1) storage units, primary and secondary; 2) central processing unit; 3) input and output units.
There are primary and secondary storage units. Both contain data and the instructions for processing the data. Data as well as instructions must flow into and out of primary storage.
Primary storage is also called main storage or internal storage. The specific functions of internal storage are to hold (store): 1) all data to be processed; 2) intermediate results of processing; 3) final results of processing; 4) all the instructions required for ongoing process. Another name for primary storage is memory, because of its similarity to a function of the human brain. However, computer storage differs from human memory in important respects. Computer memory must be able to retain very large numbers of symbol combinations, without forgetting or changing any details. It must be able to locate all its contents quickly upon demand.
2. Прочитайте текст снова и письменно ответьте на вопросы:
1. What are the functional units of a digital computer?
2. What units make up the central processing unit?
3. How is computer system organized?
4. What are the two main types of storage units?
5. What do they contain?
ВАРИАНТ 5
1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст:
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
It is well known in computer science that the words 'computer' and 'processor' are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, 'computer' refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.
The central processing unit is built into a single chip – an integrated circuit – which executes program instructions and supervises the computer’s overall operation. The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issuing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports. The function of the CU within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that part of the computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.
2. Прочитайте текст снова и письменно ответьте на вопросы:
1. What words in computer science are used interchangeably and why?
2. What components make up the heart of the computer system?
3. What is the function of the CPU?
4. In what way does the CPU control the operation of the whole system?
5. What is the function of the CU?
Тексты по направлению
"Конструкторско-технологическое обеспечение
машиностроительных производств"
ВАРИАНТ 1