a) Participle I: attribute
| A moving particle’s displacement changes with time. Перемещение движущейся частицы изменяется со временем. |
1. One option being considered is to collect isotopes produced in the beam dump by uranium stopping in water.
2. A block resting on a table is subject to a normal reaction acting up.
3. This paper discusses this emission following a description of the outflow structure in both strong and weak lines.
4. Almost immediately, papers explaining, interpreting, and dismissing the effect began arriving at a rate of several per day on the arXiv preprint server.
5. Navigaton using GPS is accomplished by passive triangulation.
6. The volcanic mountains forming the islands rise about 9000 meters from the ocean floor.
7. Consider a flow moving through a tube slowly enough so that there is no turbulence and the flow is laminar.
8. Two different equations containing the same two unknowns are called simultaneous equations.
9. Theoretical predictions usually have errors arising from various sources.
d) Participle II: attribute
| Holography, proposed by Dennis Gabor in 1948, more than a decade before the first lasers appeared, stores information about both the intensity and phase of light scattered from an object in a scene. Голография, предложенная Д. Габором в 1948 более чем за десять лет до появления первых лазеров, хранит информацию как об интенсивности, так и о фазе света, рассеянного от объекта передачи. |
1. Evidently the exchanged photon (referred to as a virtual photon) has rather special properties, different from those of the photons that make up sunlight or radiowaves.
2. Practical theoretical considerations imply that the masses of neutrinos involved cannot be equal to one another.
3. A field of force in which the work done in moving a body from one point to another is independent of the path taken.
4. That pressure, somehow aided by the effective pressure of ubiquitous magnetohydrodynamic waves, forces some of the field line to bulge into the far reaches of the planetary system.
5. The dissociation of water molecules would have taken only 3 seconds, followed by ionization of its atoms in less than 0.1 second.
6. In solid and liquid metals, heat conduction is predominantly by migration of fast-moving electrons, followed by collisions between these electrons and ions.
7. That depletion of volatile elements may reflect an approximately constant depletion of volatiles throughout of Earth’s accretion (referred to as “homogeneous accretion”) or, more plausibly, an early accretion phase of very strong depletion followed by a progressive increase in the volatile-element contents of accreted materials as Earth approached its current size.
8. A metal plate and a membrane and a membrane of a cell are examples of plane surfaces that may carry uniformly distributed charges.
9. The resistance of some conductor varies with the magnitude or direction of the applied potential difference.
10. More generally, the internal energy of a substance includes the kinetic energies associated with translational, rotational, and vibrational motions of the particles.
e) Participle I: adverbial modifier
| By the late 1910s physicists had refined Bohr’s model, providing a relativistic treatment of the electrons and introducing additional “quantum numbers”. К концу 1910-ых годов физики усовершенствовали модель Бора, дав релятивистскую трактовку электрона и введя дополнительные «квантовые числа». Having established that cathode rays were negatively charged material particles, Thomson went on to discuss what the particle might be. Установив, что катодные лучи – это отрицательно заряженные материальные частицы, Томсон перешел к обсуждению, того чем эта частица могла бы быть. |
1. When studying motion experimentally, there are two forces that cannot be removed: gravity and friction.
2. The black hole being very small will have a very high temperature.
3. However, all these techniques being intrinsically nonlinear in intensity decrease the beam quality
4. During the first half of the 20th century, the Arctic sea-ice cover was thought to be in a near-steady seasonal cycle, reaching an area of roughly 15 million km2 each March and retreating to 7 million km2 each September.
5. Einstein spent most of his later years unsuccessfully searching for a unified theory, but the time was not ripe: Very little was known about the nuclear forces.
6. Using surfaces of wood and metal, they measured both static and kinetic friction.
7. A comet, having lost almost all its volatile species, consists predominantly of water ice and rock, with more than 40% oxygen atoms and about 5% iron atoms by number.
8. Scientists, having studied a large number of low-z type Ia’s, showed in 1993 that each one could be calibrated from the time scale of its light curve; the longer-lasting ones are intrinsically brightest.
9. Having concluded, however, that type IIs are too difficult for doing high z cosmology, Schmidt turned his attention to the Ia’s.
10. Newton, having assumed for simplicity that the sea responds instantaneously to the astronomic forces, essentially ignored all hydrodynamic effects - for example, the effect on the tide of the natural oscillation frequency of the ocean basin, something that Galileo had recognized.
f) Participle II: adverbial modifier
| Taken together, these two results suggest that the density of all molecular clouds initially rises, which yields an accelerating rate of star formation. При совместном рассмотрении эти два результата предполагают, что плотность всех молекулярных облаков первоначально повышается, что приводит к повышению скорости образования звезд. |
1. Compared to a static hologram, the spatial light modulator allows us to control the beam parameter dynamically and, most importantly, the amplitude of the perturbation in real time.
2. Given that the fine details of the vortex threads lie in regions of near darkness and in order to measure the vortex positions within the beam cross section, it was necessary to over-saturate the CCD.
3. Thought to be the remnant of a giant parent comet that fragmented upon its near-Sun passage several thousand years ago, the Kreutz comet family has been the subject of intense study.
4. Viewed at an oblique angle to the orbital plane, both the accretion disk and the neutron star could be observed.
5. Pushed forward by ingenious experimenters, spectroscopic studies provided ever more and finer data, not simply on the basic line spectra, but on their modulation by electric and magnetic fields.
6. Placed in an external magnetic field, nuclear spins respond by dancing a two-step: they wobble about the field axis, and polarize in the field direction.
7. Given today’s powerful computers, it might seem a straightforward matter to numerically simulate the birth of a cluster within a large cloud, include the wind and the ionization feedback from young stars explicitly, and thus solve both puzzles.
e) Absolute Participial Construction
| In some lamps no fluorescent substance is used, the light being emitted directly by the excited atoms of sodium or mercury. В некоторых лампах не используется никакое флуоресцентное вещество, а свет испускается непосредственно возбужденными атомами натрия или ртути. |
1. The Fermi surface may be represented by the surface of a sphere in the momentum coordinate sphere, the maximum magnitude of the momentum (corresponding to the maximum kinetic energy) being the radius of this sphere.
2. The construction was later extended to give the same structures within beams, allowing the possibility of knotted dark structures within Laguerre-Gaussian beams, with fixed frequency specified by the wavenumber k.
3. In the distant heliosphere, radiation pressure on the gas and dust tail is the dominant force, with some ionization of cometary atoms producing a second, windswept tail.
4. In July 2011, scientists made the first observations of a comet, dubbed C/2011 N3, moving through the solar corona with its tail lit up in the extreme UV.
5. M-theory shows that the same physical situation can be modeled in different ways, each employing different fundamental elements and concepts.
6. Innovations in accelerator technology beget new applications and vice versa, each reinforcing the other and building the potential for future industrial and scientific uses for accelerators.
7. In this model the atomic nuclei are regarded as being made up of clusters of nucleons, particularly alpha particles, with the clusters having a brief existence before splitting.
8. These Cooper pairs act as bosons with their Bose-Einstein condensate being the superconductivity state.
9. In the standard model of star formation, a core begins in beautiful equilibrium, with gravity and external pressure balanced by internal thermal, magnetic or turbulent pressure.
10. What is observed in nature is the interchange of energy from one form to another, with the sum remaining constant.