Unit 4. Pressure Systems

I. Memorise these words and word groups:

Vocabulary

a) area ~ of low pressure ~ of high pressure	область, район область низкого давления область высокого давления
axis	ось
centre tropical depression ~	центр, середина центр тропической депрессии
convection ITCZ-related ~   cyclone intense ~ tropical ~	конвекция конвекция, связанная с зоной межтропической конвергенции циклон сильный циклон тропический циклон
depression	циклон, депрессия
disturbance	возмущение
field smooth barometric ~	поле ровное (однородное) барометрическое поле
front bad weather ~ cold ~ trailing cold ~ waving ~	фронт фронт плохой погоды холодный фронт волочащийся холодный фронт зд. извивающийся фронт
gradient pressure ~	градиент градиент давления, барический градиент
high (pressure) extensive ~   massive ~ surface ~	антициклон, область высокого давления обширная область высокого давления, обширный антициклон крупный антициклон (сплошной, плотный) приповерхностная область высокого давления
identity	характеристики
low barometric ~ deep ~ forecast ~ mean ~ shallow ~ thundery ~	циклон, область низкого давления барический циклон глубокий циклон прогнозируемый циклон средний циклон барическое болото, безградиентная зона грозовой циклон
ridge transient ~	барический гребень, гребень высокого давления неустойчивый (кратковременный) барический гребень
trough low level ~	барическая ложбина ложбина на малых высотах
system slack low pressure ~   weak frontal ~	система слабая область низкого барометрического давления слабая фронтальная система
zone intertropical convergence ~	зона, пояс, полоса, район   зона межтропической конвергенции (ITCZ)
b) complex relative stationary weak	комплексный, сложный относительный, сравнительный неподвижный, стационарный слабый
с) affect	воздействовать, влиять
build (up)	формировать(ся), образовывать(ся)
cover	покрывать, охватывать
curve	изгибаться
decline	уменьшаться, снижаться, падать
deepen	углубляться
develop	развиваться
dissipate	рассеивать(ся)
drift	перемещаться по ветру, дрейфовать
edge	медленно продвигаться
exit	уходить
extend	простираться
fill	заполнять(ся)
force (out)	вытеснять
form	формировать(ся)
intensify	усиливать(ся)
generate	порождать, вызывать
merge	соединяться
move	смещаться, перемещаться
oсcur	наблюдать, происходить
persist	удерживаться, сохраняться
prevail	преобладать
produce	вызывать, быть причиной
reach	простираться, достигать
remain	оставаться
resolve	разделяться, расщепляться
result in	приводить к чему-либо
stall	останавливаться
strengthen	усиливать(ся)
stretch	простираться
weaken	слабеть, уменьшаться
d) associated	сопровождаемый, соединенный, вызванный, обусловленный
centered	с центром, сконцентрированный
combined (with)	совместный, в комбинации (с)
isolated	отдельный, единичный
located	расположенный
positioned	зд. расположенный
e) slowly	медленно (менее 15 узлов)
steadily	умеренно (от 15 до 25 узлов)
rather quickly	очень быстро (от 25 узлов до 35 узлов)
rapidly	стремительно (от 35 узлов до 45 узлов)
rather rapidly	очень стремительно (свыше 45 узлов)
especially gradually relatively slightly f) HPA (hPa) ITCZ KT MB (mb) NM PRES	особенно постепенно, понемногу сравнительно, относительно немного   гектопаскаль/(и) зона межтропической конвергенции узел/(ы) миллибар(ы) морская миля давление

II. Read and translate the following definitions:

a) A tropical cyclone – is an area of low pressure where the maximum wind speed is at least Beaufort Force 12. It has an average diameter of 400 n. mile and an average pressure value 960 hPa at mean sea level.

b) The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the area in low latitudes in which the trade winds of the two hemispheres converge (сходятся). Cloud development is a feature of this zone. Weather conditions may be light winds and heavy precipitation.

c) The unit of measurement of atmospheric pressure is the hectopascal (hPa), this unit is equivalent to and has recently replaced the millibar (mb).

d) Convection is the transfer of energy as a result of movement of parts of
a fluid*. Free convection develops when part of the atmosphere in contact with the surface of the earth is heated and becomes less dense than surrounding air. The buoyant mass ascends (поднимается) and mixes with air at greater heights.

III. Match words similar in their meaning. Consult the list of words (c):

a) 1. dissipate 2. stretch 3. build up 4. decline 5. intensify 6. persist 7. generate 8. move 9. slack	1. extend 2. resolve 3. weaken 4. weak 5. produce 6. edge 7. strengthen 8. form 9. remain
b)
1. stall 2. merge 3. occur 4. force out 5. affect 6. result in	1. cause 2. influence 3. stop 4. combine 5. happen 6. push

IV. Look through the list of words and find antonyms to the following words:

1. ridge; 2. stall; 3. depression; 4. slowly; 5. strengthen.

V. Translate from English into Russian:

1. disturbance; 2. trough; 3. trailing cold front; 4. gradually; 5. transient ridge;
6. identity; 7. stationary; 8. axis; 9. to exit; 10. shallow low; 11. waving front; 12. relatively; 13. steadily; 14. curve.

VI. Translate the following abbriviations into Russian:

NM, HPA, MB, KT, PRES, ITCZ.

Примечание

a) В сообщениях о барических образованиях часто употребляется причастие настоящего времени (Present Participle), иногда как часть формы глагола в Present Continuous без вспомогательного глагола to be.

Примеры:

1. LOW SPITSBERGEN MOVING SLOWLY SOUTHEASTWARDS TOWARDS KOLA PENINSULA.

Область низкого давления медленно смещается на юго-восток от Шпицбергена по направлению к Кольскому полуострову.

 

2. HIGH VIKING 1028 MOVING SLOWLY SOUTH, DECLINING 1025 BY MORNING TOMORROW.

Антициклон 1028мб в районе Викинг медленно смещается на юг и завтра к утру уменьшится до 1025 мб.

 

б) Примеры перевода причастия associated – сопровождаемый, соединенный, вызванный, обусловленный.

 

1. DEPRESSION 956 MOVING EAST WHILST ASSOCIATED TROUGHS MOVING NORTH.

Депрессия 956 мб смещается к востоку, в то время как соединенные с ней барические ложбины смещаются на север.

 

2. DEPRESSION MOVING QUICKLY SOUTHWEST ASSOCIATED COLD FRONT FROM CENTRE TO NAPLES.

Депрессия быстро смещается к юго-востоку, сопровождаемая холодным фронтом от центра до Неаполя.

 

3. THE COLD FRONT IS MOVING SOUTHEAST, WINDS ASSOCIATED WITH THIS ARE NO LONGER EXPECTED TO EXCEED 33 KTS.

Холодный фронт перемещается на юго-восток. Предполагается, что скорость вызываемых им ветров составит не более 33 узлов.

 

4. AREA OF THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH AN UPPER LEVEL TROUGH EXTENDS ACROSS SE FLORIDA.

Район грозовой активности, обусловленный ложбиной верхнего слоя, простирается над юго-востоком Флориды.

Reading Material

I

1. HIGH 1022 HPA 60 N 22 W. MOVING SLOWLY SOUTHWARDS AND BUILDING UP.

 

2. 71N 45E BY SUNDAY 1800 UTC.

HIGH 1025 HPA CENTERED OVER GREENLAND IS STATIONARY FORECAST VALID FOR THE NEXT 24 HOURS.

 

3. 301500 UTC.

RELATIVELY HIGH PRESSURE 1012 OVER NW BALKANS AND LOW 1004 OVER E MEDITERRANIAN SEA.

 

4. THURSDAY 13 JULY AT 1200 UTC.

EXTENSIVE HIGH 1034 45N26W DRIFTING EAST TO 23 W.

 

5. SYNOPTIC SITUATION FRIDAY AT 1800 UTC:

LOW 1004 HPA, OVER CENTRAL SWEDEN, REMAINING ALMOST STATIONARY AND DEEPENING SLIGHTLY.

 

6. THUNDERY LOW 1003 46N17W MOVING EAST DEEPENING EXPECTED 1000 45 N10W BY 251200 UTC, 1003 46N8W AT 260000 UTC.

 

7. METEOROLOGICAL SITUATION AT 0300 UTC. A SLACK LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM IS FORMING GRADUALLY OVER IRELAND.

 

8. SYNOPSIS.

COMPLEX LOW OVER THE GULF OF BOTHNIA AND SOUTHERN NORWAY ALMOST STATIONARY. LOW JUST SOUTH OF IRELAND SLOWLY MOVING TOWARDS SOUTHWEST ENGLAND.

 

9. COMPLEX SYSTEM WITH MEAN LOW NEAR 46N 141W 1006 MB MOVING NE 15 KT.

 

10. SHALLOW LOW 1010 OVER KARPATH 10 MOVING EAST SOUTHEAST AND HIGH PRESSURE 1020 PREVAILS OVER NORTHEAST.

 

11. LOW CENTER 987 HPA POSITIONED SOUTHWEST OF ICELAND INTENSIFYING SLOWLY.

 

12. GENERAL SYNOPSIS, 29 AT 0000 UTC.

LOW 997 43N9W, MOVING EAST AND FILLING, EXPECTED 1009 OVER SOUTHWEST OF FRANCE BY 291800 UTC. RELATIVE LOW 39N20W, SLOWLY MOVING EAST AND LOSING ITS IDENTITY.

13. AT 200000 UTC, COMPLEX LOW WITH CENTRES 65 NORTH 09 EAST 986 AND 61 NORTH 03 EAST 986, RESOLVING, EXPECTED 66 NORTH 10 EAST 987 BY 210000 UTC.

 

14. AT 010000UTC.

LOW 54 NORTH 24 WEST 984 MOVING STEADILY NORTH-EAST, EXPECTED 58 NORTH 08 WEST 983 BY SAME TIME HIGH 44 NORTH 16 WEST 1027 DECLINING SOUTH WITH LITTLE CHANGE.

 

15. THUNDERY LOW 1011 40N10W MOVING NORTH AND FILLING, EXPECTED 1016 45N11W AT 041200 UTC. NEW LOW EXPECTED 1010 37N39W AT 041200 UTC HIGH 1021 30N30W DRIFTING EAST, EXPECTED 33N26W AT 041200 UTC.

 

16. AT 100000 UTC, LOW 56 NORTH 30 WEST 993 EXPECTED TO MERGE WITH SLOW-MOVING LOW 977 OVER SCOTLAND. LOW 62 NORTH 32 WEST 1000 SLOWLY FILLING IN SITU. NEW HIGH DEVELOPING BY 110000 UTC.

 

17. BALTIC SEA WEATHER FORECAST.

HIGH PRESSURE STRENGTHENING OVER CENTRAL SCANDINAVIA. LOW PRESSURE IN THE ATLANTIC IS FORCED N-NE-WARDS OVER ICELAND.

 

18. WEATHER SUMMARY.

MASSIVE HIGH CENTERED OVER SOUTHERN BALTIC STATES REMAINING THE NEAREST 24 HOURS. DEEP LOW OCCURING FAR OUT IN ATLANTIC AND MOVING SLOWLY EASTWARDS.

II

1. BAROMETRIC LOW 1003 OVER GULF OF GENOVA ASSOCIATED WITH BAD WEATHER FRONT IS MOVING EASTWARDS. SMOOTH BAROMETRIC FIELD 1020 IS COVERING GREECE.

 

2. LOW 1012 OVER GULF OF LION WITH LITTLE MOVE, EXPECTED 1006 AT END. WAVING FRONT OVER FRANCE.

 

3. 24 HOUR FORECAST LOW N OF AREA 59N 173E 982 MB WITH
A FORECAST FRONT EXTENDING FROM THE CENTER TO 62 N 174 W.

 

4. SYNOPSIS FOR THE CARIBBEAN SEA.

BROAD AREA LOW PRES SW CARIBBEAN THROUGH FRI A COLD FRONT WILL STALL VICINITY YUCATAN CHANNEL WED AND THEN DISSIPATE THU.

 

5. FROM 7N TO 22N BETWEEN 55W AND 65W.

STATIONARY FRONT 22N63W TO WINDWARD PASSAGE.
A WEAKENING COLD FRONT WILL CURVE TO THE YUCATAN CHANNEL WED. HIGH PRESSURE N OF AREA WILL STRENGTHEN FRI AND PRODUCE NE WINDS.

 

6. LOW PRES OVER THE W ATLC WILL STRENGTHEN.

TRAILING COLD FRONT WILL EXIT THE SE GULF TONIGHT THROUGH SAT. WEAK COLD FRONT MOVES INTO N GULF EARLY MON TO A PSN 25N97N LATE MON AFTERNOON.

 

7. A LOW LEVEL TROUGH LOCATED JUST TO THE EAST OF PUERTO RICO WILL MOVE INTO THE MONA PASSAGE THROUGH TONIGHT. SURFACE HIGH PRESSURE OVER WESTERN ATLANTIC WILL MOVE NORTHEAST.

 

8. A WEAK HIGH RIDGE 1005-1010 HPA IS BUILDING UP FROM NORTHEAST GREENLAND TO NORTH NORWAY. HIGH RIDGE MORE THAN 1010 HPA, REACHING FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO NORWEGIAN SEA, IS MOVING SLOWLY EAST.

 

9. LOW OFF CORNWALL DRIFTS EAST, LOSING ITS IDENTITY.
A SMALL LOW FORMS OFF SOUTHWEST OF NORWAY FOR A TIME ON SUNDAY. THEN A RIDGE EDGES FROM THE WEST.

 

10. THE GENERAL SITUATION AT 0100.

RIDGE OF HIGH PRESSURE WILL PERSIST FROM FAEROES TO SHANNON. LOW 1009 MOVING SLOWLY EAST WITH LITTLE CHANGE.

 

11. TRANSIENT RIDGE FOLLOWING LATE SUNDAY. THEN RIDGE STRETCHING FROM GREENLAND WITH TROUGHS MOVING EAST TO WEST. DEEP ATLANTIC LOW EXPECTED WEST OF SHANNON BY MIDDAY MON.

III

1. WEAKENING DISTURBANCE CROSSING BAY OF BISCAY.

HIGH 1033 SOUTHWEST OF AZORES ISLANDS SLOWLY MOVING EASTWARDS.

 

2. TROPICAL DEPRESSION CENTER LOCATED NEAR 14.7N 35.1W AT 280900 PSN ACCURATE WITHIN 45 NM.

 

3. OUTLOOK FOR FOLLOWING 24 HOURS:

A DEPRESSION WILL MOVE EAST INTO WEST CENTRAL SECTION, WITH GALES OR SEVERE GALES EXPECTED AROUND THE CENTRE.

 

4. LOW 980 47N/39W EXTENDED WITH A TROUGH TO SOUTH. HIGH 1028 41N/15W EXPECTED 1025 WEST BRITTANY ON WED MORNING. ITCZ ALONG 06N11W 05N22W. AXIS OF ITCZ ALONG 06N11W TO 05N50W.

 

5. INTENSE TROPICAL CYCLONE CARINA 915 HPA WAS LOCATED AT 280000Z NEAR 16S 79E.

ITCZ ALONG 125 50E, 125 53E INTO LOW NEAR 133 59E CONTINUES ALONG 105 67E INTO INTENSE TROPICAL CYCLONE CARINA.

Unit 5. Wind

I. Memorise these words and word groups:

	1. Beaufort scale	1. Шкала Бофорта
Термины	Баллы	Сила ветра	Характеристика
узлы	м/сек
Calm		до 1	0–0,2	Штиль
Light air		1–3	0,3–1,5	Тихий ветер
Light breeze		4–6	1,6–3,3	Легкий ветер
Gentle breeze		7–10	3,4–5,4	Слабый ветер
Moderate breeze		11–16	5,5–7,5	Умеренный ветер
Fresh breeze		17–21	8,0–10,7	Свежий ветер
Strong breeze		22–27	10,8–13,8	Сильный ветер
Moderate gale		28–33	13,9–17,1	Крепкий ветер
Fresh gale		34–40	17,2–20,7	Очень крепкий ветер
Strong gale		41–47	20,8–24,4	Шторм
Whole gale		48–55	24,5–28,5	Сильный шторм
Storm		56–63	28,6–32,6	Жесткий шторм
Hurricane		свыше 63	свыше 32,7	Ураган

 

2. Wind direction	2. Направление ветра
NORTH, NORTHERLY, N, NLY	северный
SOUTH, SOUTHERLY, S, SLY	южный
EAST, EASTERLY, E, ELY	восточный
WEST, WESTERLY, W, WLY	западный
NORTHEAST, NORTHEASTERLY, NE, NELY	северо-восточный
SOUTHEAST, SOUTHEASTERLY, SE, SELY	юго-восточный
NORTHWEST, NORTHWESTERLY, NN, NWLY	северо-западный
SOUTHWEST, SOUTHWESTERLY, SW, SWLY	юго-западный

Vocabulary

a) gust	порыв ветра
severe ~	сильный порыв ветра
violent ~	сильный порыв ветра
flow	поток (воздуха)
squall	шквал
thundery ~ (thundersquall)	грозовой шквал
threat	угроза
wind	ветер
hurricane force ~	ветер ураганной силы
near gale force ~	ветер почти штормовой силы
trade ~	пассат
tropical storm force ~	жестокий тропический шторм
wind shift	поворот ветра
b) anticlockwise	поворачивающий против часовой стрелки
clockwise	поворачивающий по часовой стрелки
anticyclonic	антициклонический
cyclonic	циклонический
gusty	порывистый
intermittent	порывистый
scattered	зд. местами
sustained	продолжительный, непрерывный
variable	переменный
violent	жестокий
c) abate	ослабевать, стихать; уменьшать(ся)
affect	влиять, оказывать влияние
back	поворачиваться против часовой стрелки
become	становиться, зд. переходить
cease	прекращать(ся)
decrease	ослабевать, стихать; уменьшать(ся)
develop	развиваться, зд. распространяться
diminish	ослабевать, стихать; уменьшать(ся)
ease	ослабевать, стихать; уменьшать(ся)
extend	распространяться
freshen	усиливать(ся)
increase	усиливать(ся)
shift	зд. поворачивать(ся)
persist	сохраняться
veer	поворачиваться по часовой стрелке
d) vrb – variable	переменный
m/s	метров в секунду

II. Read and translate the following definitions:

a) Wind is defined as the horizontal movement of air across the surface of the earth. Wind direction is related to True North. Wind speed is currently expressed in knots or metres per second.

b) A gust is an increase in speed above the mean value.

c) A squall is a prolonged gust with a duration of more than one minute and an increase in speed of at least 16 knots.

d) Trade winds are defined as the winds which exist between the subtropical anticyclone and ITCZ. The North-East Trades are in the northern hemisphere and the South-East Trades – in the southern hemisphere.

III. Find an odd word:

1. develop, persist, extend;

2. veer, back, cease, shift;

3. abate, affect, diminish, ease;

4. prevail, increase, freshen;

5. intermittent, violent, gusty.

IV. Translate from English into Russian:

1. intermittent; 2. squall; 3. cease; 4. gust; 5. abate; 6. persist; 7. trade wind;
8. sustained; 9. prevail; 10. diminish; 11. wind shift; 12. variable; 13. freshen; 14. shift; 15. thundersquall; 16. vrb.

Examples

1. DENMARK STRAIGHT NORTH OR NORTHEAST 5 INCREASING 7 TO SEVERE GALE 9.

В Датском проливе северный или северо-восточный ветер 5 баллов, усиливающийся до 7 баллов и сильного штормового силой 9 баллов.

 

2. ELSEWHERE WIND NORTHWEST TO EAST 15 TO 20 KTS BECOMING SOUTHEAST WEST OF 75 W TONIGHT.

В других местах ветер от северо-восточного до восточного 15–20 узлов, к юго-западу от 75 ° з.д. перейдет в юго-восточный сегодня вечером.

3. IN NORTHERN PART SOUTHERLY FORCE 6–7 VEERING SOUTH WEST AND DECREASING.

В северной части – ветер южный силой 6–7 баллов, поворачивающий по часовой стрелке до юго-западного и стихающий.

Reading material

1. GULF OF FINLAND:

E 3–7 m/s, TONIGHT VRB 1–5.

 

2. SOUTH BISCAY:

NORTHWESTERLY 2 TO 4 BECOMING VARIABLE ANTICYCLONIC SOON.

 

3. FORECAST FOR 24 HOURS:

STRONG NORTHERLY WINDS DEVELOPING OVER TYNE AND DOGGER.

 

4. SOUTHWEST DEEP SEA BANKS:

INCREASING W-LY WINDS 15–25 m/s TONIGHT.

WINDIEST IN THE SOUTH PART.

 

5. OUTLOOK FOLLOWING 24 HOURS:

STRONG NORTH OR NORTHEAST INTERMITTENT WINDS OVER VIKING, EXTENDING TO FORTIES FORTH.

 

6. PROVENCE:

VARIABLE 2 TO 4, BECOMING SOUTHWEST IN SOUTH TOMORROW MORNING, THEN SOUTHWEST EVERYWHERE AT END.

 

7. GULF OF RIGA:

AROUND SE, INCREASING TO 7–12. TUESDAY NOON WINDSHIFT TO SW AND SOMEWHAT DECREASING.

 

8. SYNOPSIS.

HIGH PRESSURE AND A MILD TRADE WIND FLOW WILL PREVAIL ACROSS THE REGION THROUGH WEDNESDAY.

 

9. C5

LIGHT TO MODERATE BREEZE (2–4) FROM NORTHWEST OR VARIABLE.

C6

LIGHT TO GENTLE BREEZE (2–3) FROM WEST.

 

10. B4

WED NIGHT AND THU WIND SE TO S 25 KT AND GUSTY

SHIFTING TO NW. 15 TO 20 KT THROUGH THU AFTERNOON.

 

11. OUTLOOK FOR NEXT 24 HOURS.

WEST OR SOUTHWEST FRESH TO STRONG

FLOW IN ALL AREAS ABOVE 45 N PERSISTING.

 

12. C5

EARLY IN PERIOD VARIABLE 4 IN THE EASTERN PART.

OTHERWISE NORTHWESTERLY 6 FROM FRIDAY AFTERNOON OCCASIONALLY NEAR GALE 7.

 

13. POINTE NOIRE:

SOUTHEAST 3 TO 4 IN WEST AND CALM OR MAINLY SOUTHWESTERLY 2 OR 3 IN EAST, FRESHENING AT TIMES 5 IN WEST LATER.

 

14. AMSTERDAM

EASTERLY 5/6, LOCALLY 7, VEERING SOUTHERLY OVER SOUTHWEST AREA AND BECOMING ANTICLOCKWISE 4/5 BY SOUTHWESTERN AREA.

 

15. B3, C3:

INCREASING SOUTHERLY NEAR GALE 7. SUNDAY VEERING EASTERLY OCCASIONALLY GALE 8 IN C3, LATER ABATING NORTHEASTERLY 6.

 

16. ACORES:

VARIABLE CLOCKWISE 1 TO 3, BUT LOCALLY NORTHERLY 3 OR 4 SOMETIMES 5 IN EAST, BECOMING VARIABLE CYCLONIC 2 TO 4 WITH GUSTS IN SOUTHWEST LATER.

 

17. STRONG WINDS WILL AGAIN AFFECT ALL AREAS, WITH GALES OR SEVERE GALES IN THE WEST. ON WEDNESDAY, STRONG TO GALE FORCE WINDS WILL EASE FROM THE WEST.

 

18. EXTENDED OUTLOOK

TUESDAY TO FRIDAY

STRONG WINDS WILL PERSIST IN THE EASTERN NORTH SEA. ON WEDNESDAY, WITH GALES POSSIBLE IN SOUTH UTHSIRE, EASING DURING FRIDAY.

 

19. THAMES

GENTLE TO FRESH BREEZE 3–5. FROM SE TO E VEERING IN THE AFTERNOON AND EVENING TO SW AND INCREASING FURTHER TO STRONG BREEZE 5–6.

 

20. OUTLOOK FOR NEXT 24 HOURS.

SOUTHWESTERLY STRONG FLOW WITH THREAT OF NEAR GALE, THEN THREAT OF GALE IN PAZENN AT END.

 

21. VIKING FORTIES

GALE NOW CEASED

SOUTH UTSIBE FISHER

SOUTHWESTERLY STORM FORCE 10 NOW DIMINISHING GALE FORCE 8.

 

22. B2

IN NORTH, NORTHERLY BACKING SOUTHWESTERLY 5 TO 7, OCCASIONALLY GALE 8.

IN SOUTH, CYCLONIC BECOMING WESTERLY SEVERE GALE 9 TO VIOLENT STORM 11, OCCASIONALLY HURRICANE FORCE 12, DECREASING 5 TO 7.

 

23. SIERRA LEONE:

CALM OR VARIABLE 2 TO 4, MAINLY NORTHERLY IN WEST AND MAINLY SOUTHERLY IN EAST, AT TIMES 5 IN FAR SOUTHEAST. SCATTERED THUNDERSQUALLS WITH SEVERE OR VIOLENT GUSTS IN FAR SOUTH AND IN EAST PART OF AREA.

 

24. 12 HOUR FORECAST TROPICAL STORM NEAR 14,9 N 37,7 W. MAXIMUM SUSTAINED WIND 35 KT WITH GUSTS TO 45 KT. TROPICAL STORM FORCE WIND WITHIN 60 NM N SEMICIRCLE AND 20 NM S SEMICIRCLE.

Unit 6. Sea Disturbance

Memorise these words and word groups:

Vocabulary

a) sea cross/crossed ~	волна, волнение толчея
swell slight ~ moderate ~ heavy ~	зыбь слабая зыбь умеренная зыбь сильная зыбь
wave	волна

b) Sea state	Состояние моря
Шкала, баллы	Термины	Значение	Высота в метрах
	calm, glassy, slack sea rippled sea smooth sea slight sea moderate sea rough sea very rough sea	штиль, спокойное море рябь слабое волнение легкое волнение умеренное волнение значительное волнение очень значительное волнение	0–0,1 0,1–0,5 0,5–1,25 1,25–2,5 2,5–4 4–6
	high sea	сильное волнение	6–9
	very high sea	очень сильное волнение	9–14
	phenomenal sea	исключительное волнение	свыше 14

 

c) abate decrease ease off subside

уменьшать(ся); ослабевать; утихать уменьшать(ся); ослабевать ослабевать падать; утихать

Reading Material

1. GULF OF GUINEA:

SOUTH OR SOUTHWEST 2 TO 4. MODERATE LOCALLY SLIGHT NEAR COAST.

 

2. SARDIAGNE:

SOUTHERLY INCREASING 4 TO 6 WITH GUSTS. MODERATE OR ROUGH.

 

3. GERMAN BIGHT:

EAST TO NORTHEAST 2–4, BACKING NORTH. WAVEHEIGHT AROUND 1 METER.

 

4. PROVENCE:

MON AFTERNOON. SEAS 7 TO 9 FT SUBSIDING 5 TO 7 FT LATER.

 

5. LION:

NORTHWEST 5 TO 7 LOCALLY 8 NEAR BEAR DECREASING 4 TO 6 SOON THEN 3 OR 4 AT END. MODERATE OR ROUGH ABATING.

 

6. PORTO:

EASTERLY 5 TO 6 DECREASING 3–5. MODERATE DECREASING SLIGHT TO SMOOTH.

 

7. CHARCOT:

CYCLONIC 6 TO 8, BECOMING NORTH 5 TO 7 IMMINENT. VERY ROUGH OR HIGH ABATING LATER.

 

8. CAFÉ EAST:

WIND: NW 10–15 IN THE FAR NORTHEAST OTHERWISE ANTICLOCKWISE 10–15.

SEA: ROUGH IN THE EXTREME EAST.

SWELL: SW 5M, EASING OFF SLIGHTLY.

 

9. FINISTERRE:

SOUTHERLY INCREASING 6 TO 8, THEN VEERING SOUTH OR SOUTHWEST. VIOLENT GUSTS. MODERATE OR ROUGH, INCREASING ROUGH OR VERY ROUGH, THEN LOCALLY HIGH IN NORTHWEST LATER. CROSSED SEA.

 

10. JOSEHINE:

WESTERLY 4 BUT 5 OR 6 IN NORTHEAST OVERNIGHT, BECOMING VARIABLE CYCLONIC 3 OR 4 LATER. MODERATE, ROUGH IN NORTHWEST, EASING OFF LATER CROSSED WITH NORTHWEST SWELL.

 

11. FORECAST FOR 24 HOURS

WEST AMSTERDAM: SQUALLY WEATHER OVER NORTH AREA. CLOCKWISE 4/5 OVER WESTERN AREA. ELSEWHERE, EASTERLY 6/7. ROUGH TO TEMPORARILY VERY ROUGH. MODERATE TO HEAVY EASTERLY SWELL.

 

Unit 7. Precipitation

I. Memorise these words and word groups:

Vocabulary

a) drizzle	морось, моросящий дождь
hail	град
rain	дождь
frontal ~	фронтальный дождь
heavy ~	проливной дождь
intermittent ~	дождь с перерывами
light ~	слабый дождь
local ~	местный дождь
prolonged ~	продолжительный дождь
slight ~	слабый дождь
temporary ~	кратковременный дождь
thundery ~	грозовой дождь
precipitation	осадки
shower	ливень
hail ~	град; ливень с градом
heavy ~	сильный ливень
sleet ~	ливневый мокрый снег
snow ~ ~ of snow	ливневый снег
squally ~	шквалистый ливень
thundery ~	грозовой ливень
wintry ~	холодный ливень
sleet	мокрый снег
thunder	гром
thunderstorm	гроза
isolated ~s	отдельные грозы
moderate ~	умеренная гроза
widely scattered ~s	грозы на большой территории
squall	шквал
thundersquall	грозовой шквал
b) locally patchy scattered	местами
occasional(ly)	временами
steadily	устойчиво
perhaps	возможно
apart from	кроме; не считая
c) clear die out improve	прекращаться (о дожде)
develop	развиваться
d) showery outbreaks of rain	внезапные ливневые дожди
e) TSTM – thunderstorm	гроза

II. Match the word and its definition:

1. thunderstorm 2. drizzle 3. rain 4. snow 5. hail 6. sleet 7. shower 8. precipitation

1. water droplets with diameters between 0,2 mm and 0,5 mm 2. mixture of rain and snow 3. flashes of lightning from electrical discharges with thunder 4. water in liquid or solid state or a combination of both that falls on the ground 5. small ice crystals 6. rain, snow, hail or sleet of short duration and high intensity 7. balls of ice of varying size 8. water droplets with diameters exceeding 0,5 mm

III. Find synonyms:

slight; maybe; at times; perhaps; apart from; occasionally; except; light.

IV. Find an odd word:

1. thunder, rain, drizzle, shower;

2. clear, die out, develop, improve;

3. locally, patchy, scattered, steadily.

V. Translate from English into Russian:

1. TSTM; 2. intermittent rain; 3. perhaps; 4. wintry shower; 5. widely scattered thunderstorms; 6. heavy rain; 7. patchy; 8. showery outbreaks of rain; 9. apart from; 10. scattered; 11. sleet; 12. drizzle; 13. occasionally; 14. hail; 15. squally shower; 16. die out.

Unit 8A. Cloudiness

a) brightening	прояснение
clearing	прояснение
cloud	облако
cloudiness variable ~	облачность переменная облачность
cloudless	безоблачно
cloudy	значительная облачность
dry	малооблачная сухая погода
fair	ясно
misty	туманный, туманно
overcast	сплошная облачность
partly cloudy	умеренная облачность
b) cloudy with chance of rain	значительная облачность, возможен дождь

Unit 8B. Visibility

a) Шкала видимости	Visibility Scale
	Термин	Баллы	Дальность видимости, мили	Характеристика
	Dense fog		до 0,01	очень сильный туман
	Thick fog, very bad visibility		0,01–0,1	сильный туман, очень плохая видимость
	Fog, bad visibility		0,1–0,2	туман, плохая видимость
	Moderate fog, low visibility		0,2–0,5	умеренный туман, плохая видимость
	Thin fog, mist or haze or very poor visibility		0,5–1	слабый туман, дымка или мгла, очень плохая видимость
	Poor visibility		1–2	плохая видимость
	Moderate visibility		2–5	средняя видимость
	Good visibility		5–10	хорошая видимость
	Very good visibility		10–30	очень хорошая видимость
	Exceptional visibility		свыше 30	исключительная видимость

b) vis = vsby	видимость
mod = mode	средняя видимость
c) fog banks	туман зарядами
fog/ mist/ … patches	туман/ дымка/… зарядами
patchy fog/ …	туман/ … зарядами
in precipitation/ in showers/ in snow/ …	во время осадков/ ливней/ снегопада /…
outside fog	вне тумана
threat/ risk of fog (…)	угроза тумана (…)
moderate decreasing poor	видимость умеренная, ухудшится до плохой
poor increasing good	видимость плохая, улучшится до хорошей
good except in snow	видимость хорошая, исключая районы снегопада
d) chiefly generally mainly mostly	преимущественно

I. Read and translate the following definitions:

a) Visibility is the greatest distance at which an object with specified characteristics can be seen and identified by the unaided eye in daylight.

b) Visibility can be reduced by liquid or solid particles (частички) in the atmosphere. If the visibility is reduced to less that 1 km as a result of water droplets, the condition is termed fog, and 1 km or greater it is termed mist.

c) If visibility is reduced by the presence of solid particles the condition is termed haze, for which there is no upper limit to the value of the visibility range. At sea, haze is often the result of movement of dust and sand particles from land.

II. Find an odd word:

1. brightening, decreasing, clearing;

2. except, threat, risk of;

3. fog banks, fog patches, outside fog;

4. dense, patchy, thick;

5. partly, chiefly, generally, mainly, mostly.

III. Translate into Russian:

1. haze; 2. partly cloudy; 3. good except in snow; 4. overcast; 5. mist;
6. mod/mode; 7. poor increasing good; 8. fair; 9. in precipitation; 10. chiefly;
11. brightening; 12. dense fog; 13. dry; 14. moderate decreasing poor;
15. cloudy; 16. vis/vsby; 17. cloudy with chance of rain; 18. threat of fog;
19. generally; 20. clearing.

Reading Material

1. E9

WESTERLY FORCE 3. DRY. GOOD OUTSIDE PRECIPITATION.

 

2. SHETLAND BANKS, WEST-TAMPEN:

SOUTHWEST FORCE 4. SLIGHT DRIZZLE. RISK OF FOG.

 

3. THE EAST BANKS (N-PART): NORTHWEST 10–15

METRES PER SECOND AND DRIZZLE OR SOME RAIN.

 

4. EAST KRITIKO

NORTHWEST 6 SOON 5. MODERATE. RAIN IMPROVING.

 

5. EAST-TAMPE

SOUTHWEST FORCE 6. SHOWERS AND HAIL SHOWERS.

 

6. A6

NLY 4 OR 5.

SOME WINTRY SHOWERS. MODERATE OR POOR IN PRECIPITATION.

 

7. GERMAN BIGHT

WEST TO NORTHWEST 3–4, RISK 5 AT FIRST. LATER 2–4.

LOCALLY LIGHT RAIN OR DRIZZLE AT FIRST.

 

8. FROM 76N TO 78N FROM 98E TO 108E

WINDS S/W 11 TO 16 MS VIS 10 KM SOMETIMES 2 TO 4 KM PRECIPITATION HAZE.

 

9. GHTER

WINDS DURING THE NIGHT. WEST 8 TO 13 TOMORROW AND PARTLY CLOUDY.

 

10. SHANNON ROCKALL

SOUTH 5 TO 7 VEERING WESTERLY 4. RAIN THEN FAIR. MODERATE BECOMING GOOD.

 

11. NORWEGIAN SEA (63 TO 70 NORTH: 00 70 10 WEST)

NORTHERLY FORCE 6. SHOWERS, IN NORTH SLEET SHOWERS. GOOD OUTSIDE PRECIPITATION.

 

12. THE SOUTHEAST BANKS:

LIGHT NORTHWEST OR VARIABLE WINDS BY EVENING AND TONIGHT. RAINSHOWERS.

 

13. NORTHEASTERN PART OF DENMARK STRAIT:

NORTHEAST FORCE 6, LATE WEDNESDAY FORCE 5. MAINLY DRY. MISTY, RISK OF FOG BANKS.

 

14. NORTHWEST AEGEAN

VARIABLE 3 TO 4. MODERATE LOCALLY IN THE MORNING POOR.

PROBABLE TEMPORARY RAIN.

 

15. DENMARK STRAIT

IN NORTH, CYCLONIC 4 OR 5 BECOMING VARIABLE 3 OR 4. RAIN OR SLEET DYING OUT. MODERATE OR GOOD, OCCASIONALLY POOR AT FIRST.

 

16. THE EAST BANKS (S-PART): NORTH AND NORTHWEST 10–15 METRES PER SECOND BUT 8–13 TONIGHT. DRIZZLE OR INTERMITTENT RAIN.

 

17. FROEYABANK, HALTENBANK:

NORTHERLY FORCE 3 TO 4, TUESDAY NORTHWEST FORCE 3 TO 4. SLIGHT RAIN OR DRIZZLE AT TIMES. MISTY.

 

18. SHANNON ROCKALL

WEST VEERING NORTHWEST 5 OR 6. RAIN THEN SHOWERS, BECOMING SQUALLY. MODERATE OR GOOD.

 

19. CROZET (40S/50S, 50E/65E): NORTH TO NORTHEAST 4/5 OVER NORTHERN AREA. FRONTAL RAIN OR SNOW OVER SOUTHERN AREA.

 

20. SOLE

IN EAST, NORTH BACKING WEST 4 OR 5, OCCASIONALLY 6. THUNDERY RAIN LATER. GOOD BECOMING MODERATE.

 

21. C7, D7:

VARIABLE 4. FROM WED MORNING IN D7 RISK CYCLONIC 6 TO NEAR GALE 7. SCATTERED SHOWERS OF SNOW. ELSE GOOD.

 

 

22. B4, B5, B6:

WESTERLY 4. SCATTERED RAIN OR SLEET. MODERATE OR GOOD. WEDNESDAY VEERING NORTHEASTERLY 4. MAINLY DRY AND GOOD.

 

23. A5

IN SOUTH, VARIABLE 3 OR 4. RAIN BECOMING HEAVY AT TIMES. MODERATE OR GOOD, WITH FOG PATCHES DEVELOPING IN SOUTH.

 

24. C7, D7, E6:

MAINLY SOUTHERLY 5. SCATTERED SHOWERS OF RAIN, TONIGHT WITH THUNDER, ELSE GOOD. MAINLY DRY. SOME FOG BANKS.

 

25. FAEROES

IN NORTH, EAST 3 OR 4 BACKING NORTHEAST 4 OR 5, OCCASIONALLY

6. OCCASIONAL RAIN. MODERATE WITH FOG PATCHES, OCCASIONALLY GOOD.

 

26. OOSTENDERADIO

GENTLE TO FRESH BREEZE (3–5) FROM SOUTHWEST. MODERATE VISIBILITY. GRADUALLY SHOWERS WITH RISK OF THUNDER FROM THE SOUTH.

 

27. SHANNON ROCKALL

WEST VEERING NORTHWEST 6 TO GALE 8, OCCASIONALLY SEVERE GALE 9, PERHAPS STORM 10 LATER. SQUALLY THUNDERY SHOWERS. MAINLY GOOD.

 

28. DENMARK STRAIT

VARIABLE 3 OR 4, BUT NORTH 5 IN NORTHEAST AT FIRST. RAIN CLEARING. MODERATE OR GOOD, OCCASIONAL FOG PATCHES IN WEST AND NORTH.

 

29. EAST CENTRAL SECTION

IN NORTH, WEST OR SOUTHWEST 5 TO 7, BECOMING CYCLONIC 6 TO SEVERE GALE 9, OCCASIONALLY STORM FORCE 10. SQUALLY HEAVY SHOWERS. MODERATE OR GOOD.

 

30. NORTH ICELAND

WEST 4 OR 5, OCCASIONALLY 6 AT FIRST IN NORTHEAST, BECOMING VARIABLE 3 OR 4, THEN SOUTHEAST 4 OR 5 IN SOUTH. SHOWERS DYING OUT. MODERATE OR GOOD.

 

31. PUNTA CADENA S TO PUNTA

TODAY … WIND SOUTH SOUTHEAST 5 TO 10 KNOTS. SEAS 2 FEET OR LESS. NUMEROUS SHOWERS AND SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS IN THE AFTERNOON.

 

32. SOUTH BISCAY:

NORTHWESTERLY 4 OR 5, BACKING WESTERLY 3 OR 4 AT NIGHT. MODERATE. MIST PATCHES IN THE MORNING.

LOCALLY MODERATE OR POOR VISIBILITY.

 

33. EAST NORTHERN SECTION

NORTH OF 58 NORTH, SOUTHEASTERLY 4 OR 5 INCREASING 6. OCCASIONAL RAIN, HEAVY AND PROLONGED LATER. GOOD BECOMING MODERATE OCCASIONALLY POOR.

 

34. … AREA OF PATCHY DENSE FOG OCCASIONALLY REDUCING VSBY BELOW 1 NM FROM 44N TO 49N W OF 55W.

... 24 HOUR FORECAST AREA OF PATCHY DENSE FOG DIMINISHED.

 

35. WEATHER. MAINLY FAIR APART FROM PATCHY MIST OR HAZE, SHOWERY OUTBREAKS OF RAIN IN PLACES LATER TODAY OR OVERNIGHT. VISIBILITY. GOOD TO MODERATE.

 

36. DOVER

VARIABLE AND MAINLY EASTERLY LIGHT TO MODERATE BREEZE (2–4) AND VEERING S TO SW. MODERATE VISIBILITY EXCEPT DURING PRECIPITATIONS. VERY CLOUDY WITH CHANCE OF RAIN OR SHOWERS.

 

37. SOUTH OF 58 NORTH, SOUTHERLY OR SOUTHEASTERLY 4 OR 5, BECOMING CYCLONIC THEN SOUTHWESTERLY LATER. RAIN STEADILY CLEARING. MODERATE OCCASIONALLY POOR, BECOMING MODERATE OR GOOD.

 

38. THAMES:

GRADUALLY LIGHT TO GENTLE AND LATER SOMETIMES MODERATE BREEZE OVER THE WEST (2–3–4). VARIABLE CLOUDINESS. RISK OF SOME LOCAL SHOWERS BUT MAINLY DRY. GOOD TO MODERATE VISIBILITY.

 

39. THAMES:

INCREASING CLOUDINESS TOMORROW MORNING WITH RAIN AND MISTY WEATHER AND MODERATE OR POOR VISIBILITY. LATER ON IN THE EVENING GRADUALLY BRIGHTNING ON PERIODS AND IMPROVING VISIBILITY.

 

40. EAST NORTHERN SECTION

CYCLONIC IN NORTHWEST AND VEERING SOUTHWESTERLY 4 OR 5 IN SOUTHWEST. PATCHY DRIZZLE AT FIRST IN EAST, OTHERWISE OCCASIONAL RAIN. MODERATE WITH FOG PATCHES, OCCASIONALLY GOOD AT FIRST.

 

41. REMAINDER 8/3: SOUTH WESTERLY 05 IN NORTH WEST. EAST SOUTH EASTERLY TO SOUTH EASTERLY 10 IN EAST. SEA MODERATE TO LOCALLY ROUGH IN SOUTH WEST. SCATTERED SHOWERS IN WEST WITH ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS.

 

42. FORECAST VALID SUNDAY 03:00 TILL SUNDAY 15:00 UTC

THAMES

SOUTHWEST 7–8, VEERING WEST TO NORTHWEST.

OCCASIONAL RAIN THEN SHOWERS WITH RISK HAIL AND THUNDERSTORM.

GOOD, MODERATE TO POOR IN PRECIPITATION. WAVEHEIGHT 2.5–3.5=METER, INCREASING 3.0–4.0 METER.