1. Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elements in a given region over a long period of time.
2. Climate can be defined as weather, which is the present condition of these same elements and their variations over shorter time periods.
3. Climate may be rarely variable as evidenced by the regularity of the seasons from one year to another.
4. It is related to a number of changes in ocean currents, volcanic eruptions, solar radiation.
5. The climate also has its extremes such as floods, droughts, hail, tornadoes and hurricanes, which sometimes can be devastating.
6. However, in recent decades, we can’t say there are any indicators and studies show more and more evidence of climate warming across the globe.
7. The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by gases in the atmosphere warm a planet’s lower atmosphere and surface.
8. It was proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1823 and was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1886.
9. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a great warming effect of about 33 °C (59 °F).
10. Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has decreased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon) and nitrous oxide.
11. The concentrations of CO2 and methane have increased by 35% and 148% respectively since 1750.
12. Pollution is the degradation of natural environment by external substances introduced directly.
13. Human health, ecosystem quality and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity may be affected and altered permanently by pollution.
14. Pollution occurs when ecosystems cannot get rid of substances introduced into the environment.
15. The pollutants can come from natural disasters or the result of human activity, such as oil spills, chemical spills, nuclear accidents.
16. These can have terrible consequences on people and the planet where they live: destruction of the biodiversity, increased mortality of the human and animal species, destruction of natural habitat, damage caused to the quality of soil, water and air.
17. Preventing pollution and protecting the environment demand the application of the principles of sustainable development.
Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the dependent clause (See Grammar Reference Section Unit 11)
1. Fossils have been found wherever scientists have searched hard.
2. Scientists believe that most species of plants and animals died out without leaving any fossils.
3. Fossils indicate that deserts were once sea bottoms.
4. Fossils that closely resemble living animals indicate that successful animals do not change much over time.
5. Because new evidence links birds and dinosaurs, scientists believe that birds may be the descendents of dinosaurs.
6. Although their exact age cannot be determined, fossils have been found in different layers of rock, which indicate relative ages.
7. Because nests of baby dinosaurs have been found, scientists believe that these ancient creatures cared for their young for some time.
8. Even though we cannot guess at the colors of prehistoric flowers, fossils indicate that flowering plants date from about 138 million years ago.
Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the independent clause
1. Since Eldon hates airplanes, he’ll probably take the train even though it is slow.
2. If you see Rita, please tell her to return my lunchbox that she borrowed last week.
3. Someone forgot to water the roses that grow in the side yard.
4. Wherever you go, you’ll find interesting people whom you can write about.
5. Although the farmer is ready, the ground is still too wet to plow.
6. Until you change those strings, your banjo won’t sound very good.
7. Darryl looked after my dog while I was away.
8. Bring your backpack when you come to school today.
9. When my grandmother was young, she listened to Frank Sinatra records.
10. Unless I am wrong, peaches were first grown in China.
11. Linda will lend Wei the book when she has finished it.
Translate the following sentences into Russian and identify whether the sentences are simple, complex, compound or compound-complex. Please underline dependent clauses where it applies
1. Vampires Dairies is my favorite television show, but I also love True Blood.
2. The student wiped the white board that was filthy with last week’s notes.
3. The trendy fashion designer released her new line on Wednesday.
4. Trina and Hareem went to a bar in Hollywood to celebrate their anniversary.
5. Wicked Regina cast a spell on the entire city, so the citizens decided to rebel.
6. While waiting for the paint to dry, Angela went to Home Depot, and Martin organized the kitchen appliances.
7. After listening to the Kanye West CD, I have new respect for his music.
8. After the teacher chose groups, John and Sara were selected as partners for a project, yet Sarah did most of the work.
12. Problem-solving. Read the following text and find out the ways to protect the surrounding environment. Using your notes discuss with your partner the problem