Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model. Use the Complex Subject

Model: We heard that a car stopped outside the door.

A carwas heardto stop outside the door.

Model: It is believed that the poem was written by Byron.

The poem is believed to have been written by Byron.

1. People consider the climate there to be very healthy.

2. It was announced that the Chinese dancers were arriving next week.

3. It is expected that the performance will be a success.

4. It is said that the book is popular with both old and young.

5. It is believed that the poem was written by an unknown soldier.

6. It is supposed that the well-known playwright is working on a new play. 7. It is reported that the flood has caused severe damage to the crops.

8. It was supposed that the crops would be rich that year.

9. It has been found that this mineral water is very good for the liver.

10. Scientists consider that electricity exists throughout space.

11. It is said that the weather in Europe was exceedingly hot last summer. 12. It was reported that five ships were missing after the battle.

Problem-solving. Work in pairs. Ask your partner the following questions. Write down his/her answers. Then your partner asks you the questions and writes down the answers. Discuss the problem

· Why are some countries rich and some countries poor?

· Why do women earn less than men?

· How can data help us understand the world?

· Why do we ignore information that could help us make better decisions?

· What causes recessions?

UNIT 11

Read and memorize the following words and word combinations

Read and translate the text

Climate changes

Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elements in a given region over a long period of time. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these same elements and their variations over shorter time periods.

Climate may be inherently variable as evidenced by the irregularity of the seasons from one year to another. This variability is normal and may remain partially understood. It is related to changes in ocean currents, volcanic eruptions, solar radiation and other components of the climate system. In addition, our climate also has its extremes (such as floods, droughts, hail, tornadoes and hurricanes), which can be devastating. However, in recent decades, a number of indicators and studies show more and more evidence of climate warming across the globe. A disturbing phenomenon that challenges human habits and activities which are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by gases in the atmosphere warm a planet’s lower atmosphere and surface. It was proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33 °C (59 °F). Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs (chlorofluorocarbon) and nitrous oxide. The concentrations of CO2 and methane have increased by 36% and 148% respectively since 1750. These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 650,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores. Over the last three decades of the 20th century, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions. CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.

Pollution is the degradation of natural environment by external substances introduced directly or indirectly. Human health, ecosystem quality and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity may be affected and altered permanently by pollution.Pollution occurs when ecosystems cannot get rid of substances introduced into the environment. The critical threshold of its ability to naturally eliminate substances is compromised and the balance of the ecosystem is broken.

The sources of pollution are numerous. The identification of these different pollutants and their effects on ecosystems is complex. They can come from natural disasters or the result of human activity, such as oil spills, chemical spills, nuclear accidents. These can have terrible consequences on people and the planet where they live: destruction of the biodiversity, increased mortality of the human and animal species, destruction of natural habitat, damage caused to the quality of soil, water and air.

Preventing pollution and protecting the environment necessitate the application of the principles of sustainable development. We have to consider satisfying the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This means that we should remedy existing pollution, but also anticipate and prevent future pollution sources in order to protect the environment and public health. Any environmental damage must be punishable by law, and polluters should pay compensation for the damage caused to the environment.