Admit – He admittedhaving driven too fast.
Avoid – They avoidgoing on holiday on Saturdays.
Carry on - If we carry onsleeping so badly, we may need help.
Consider- Ralph is consideringbuying a new house.
Delay – I delayedtelling Max the news.
Deny – She deniesreading the book.
Dislike- We dislikereading poems.
Can't/couldn't help – He couldn't helpfalling in love with her.
Enjoy – I enjoyplaying chess.
Finish – They finishedworking in the garden.
Give up – Susan gives upplaying ice-hockey.
Imagine – He imagineddriving a new car.
Include – Your responsibility includestaking reservations on the phone.
Involve- The project will involvegrowing plants.
Justify - I cannot justifypaying $100 for this ticket.
Keep (on) – They keep onrunning.
Mention - Did Alex ever mentionplaying baseball?
Mind - I don't mindsleeping on the couch.
Miss – They missplaying with their friends.
Practise – She practicedplaying hockey.
Regret - Do you regrethaving mentioned it?
Risk – You riskcatching a cold.
Suggest – She suggestedflying to Cairo.
Unit 9. THE PARTICIPLE
English verbs have two participles:
| the present participle | typing, writing |
| the past participle | typed, written |
Participles have some qualities of verbs and are used in the formation of the continuous, perfect and perfect continuous tenses (he is typing; he has written a letter)
Participles have some qualities of adjectives and are used as attributes in a sentence (a smiling girl; surprised faces).
Participles are also used in the function of adverbial modifiers (he opened the door, smiling; surprised, he didn't know what to say).
A participle construction, that is, a participle together with the words closely connected with it, can function as an attribute (the girl sitting at the table) or as an adverbial modifier (standing by the window, she watched the birds).
Unit 10. COMPLEX OBJECT
| Subject + | Predicate + | Complex Object | Noun/Pronoun+ | Infinitive |
The combination of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and an infinitive used after the predicate forms a complex object. The relation between the noun (pronoun) and the infinitive is that of subject and predicate.
For example,
1) I saw the boy raise his hand.
2) I heard him call my name.
3) I want you to know that it doesn’t matter.
The infinitive may be used as a part of a complex object after the following verbs: t o hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to let, to make. After these verbs the infinitive has no particle 'to'.
For example,
1) I heard him describe his new bedroom suite.
2) He makes his children go to bed early.
3) I saw him whitewash the fence.
to want, to expect, to know, to suppose, to consider, to believe. After these verbs the particle 'to' is used before the infinitive.
1) He wanted me to help him choose a new computer.
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2) I consider Bill to be Jack of all trades.
3) I expected him to paint the walls green.
COMPLEX SUBJECT
Complex Subject usually is used with certain verbs expressing: awareness, knowledge, approval (know, think, state, say, claim, report, announce, notify.
Examples: 1. She is known to live in France. – It is known that she lived in France.
2. The film festival was reported to take place in July this year. – Reports that the festival will be held in July this year.
Assumption (expect, suggest, believe, consider, suppose, ask)
Example: The student is expected to become a famous writer. – It is expected that the student will become a famous writer.
Perception (see, hear, notice)
Example: The car was seen to disappear – Did you see how the car disappeared?
Complex Subject is also used after such phrases as to be likely, to be unlikely, to be certain, to be sure
Example: She is likely to succeed. – Probably, it will be a success.
UNIT 11. COMPLEX SENTENCES
A complex sentence is a sentence thathas one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
Fossils, as you may know, are the remains of plants and animals that lived thousands or millions of years ago. (The two dependent clauses are underlined.)
Each dependent clause starts with words such as after, although, who, which, when, until, where, so that, and since. These clauses can tell where, when, and why something happened or can give more information about the people andthings involved.
There are different types of sentences: Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex
Simple Sentences
- A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb.
Example: The baby cried for food.
- It expresses a single complete thought that can stand on its own. There is a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought.
Example: Professor Maple’s intelligent students completed and turned in their homework.
A simple sentence does not necessarily have to be short. It can have adjectives. In this case, there are two verbs “completed” and “turned in.” However, the sentence expresses one complete thought and therefore is a simple sentence.
Example: Megan and Ron ate too much and felt sick.
Although there are two subjects and two verbs, it is still a simple sentence because both verbs share the same subjects and express one complete thought.
Compound Sentences
- A compound sentence has two independent clauses. An independent clause is a part of a sentence that can stand alone because it contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.
- Basically, a compound contains two simple sentences.
- These independent clauses are joined by a conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
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Examples: The shoplifter had stolen clothes, so he ran once he saw the police.
Both sides of the conjunction “so” are complete sentences. “The shoplifter had stolen clothes” can stand alone and so can “he ran once he saw the police.” Therefore, this is a compound sentence.
Examples: They spoke to him in Spanish, but he responded in English.
This is also a compound sentence that uses a conjunction to separate two individual clauses.
Complex Sentences
- A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause either lacks a subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought.
- A complex sentence always has a subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or relative pronouns (who, that, which).
Example: After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory, Tim went to the gym to exercise.
The independent clause is ‘Tim went to the gym to exercise.” The subordinating clause before it is dependent on the main, independent clause. If one were to say “after eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory,” it would be an incomplete thought.
Example: Opinionated women are given disadvantages in societies that privilege male accomplishments.
The subject is “opinionated women” and the verb is “are given.” The first part of the sentence “opinionated women are given disadvantages in societies” is an independent clause that expresses a complete thought. The following “that privilege male accomplishments” is a relative clause that describes which types of societies.
Example: The woman who taught Art History 210 was fired for stealing school supplies.
The dependent clause in this sentence is “who taught Art History 210” because if removed, the rest of the sentence would stand as an independent clause. “Who taught Art History 210” is an adjective clause that provides necessary details about the subject, woman.