Task 3. Make the following sentences complex, using the beginning given in brackets. Mind Sequence of Tenses.
E.g. The children are playing in the yard. (She thought)
She t hought that the children were playing in the yard.
1. Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped) 2. Father has repaired his bicycle. (He thought) 3. She knows English very well. (I supposed) 4. Our sportsmen will win the game. (We were sure) 5. She made no mistakes in her dictation. (She was glad) 6. He works at his English hard. (I knew) 7. She dances better than anybody else. (I was told) 8. My cousin has received a very interesting offer from his firm. (I learnt) 9. She will come to see us. (My aunt wrote in her letter) 10. He is painting a new picture. (We heard) 11. His new picture will be a masterpiece. (We were sure) 12. You will fall and break your leg. (I was afraid) 13. My friend has never been to Washington. (I knew) 14. She never drinks milk. (I was told) 15. She is a very talented singer. (We were told) 16. They live a happy life. (We knew) 17. He doesn’t know German at all. (I found out)
Task 4. Complete the sentences:
1. I knew that …
2. They thought that …
3. I stressed that …
4. We decided that …
5. The woman said that …
6. The teacher told us that …
7. The speaker informed us that …
8. He complained that …
9. The reporter noted that …
10. The student explained that …
11. I didn’t know that …
12. The officer said that …
13. I found out that …
14. We were sure that …
15. I was glad to know that …
16. We heard that …
TEXT A
Before reading the text 1) learn to pronounce the following words correctly:
| [o:] law enforce informal important order organized | [o] phenomena economics moral belong property conduct prosecute quarrel authority | [i] descriptive prescriptive particular administrative decision principal judicial interest | [e] penalty together protect necessary develop effective regulate |
| [æ] natural family value action bankruptcy neutrality establish gravity | [ ] government custom cultural suffer function company couple custody | [i:] illegal penal freedom peace belief guarantee | [ju:] community refuse produce duty |
| [iә] experience sphere | [ә:] refer work person | [eә] various rarely area | [aiә] society |
2) translate the following international words and give more than one translation of them if possible:
various, authority, phenomena, limits, social, guarantee, value, function, order, administer, civil, constitutional, legal, structure, company, business, formation, registration, special, general, labour, aspect, condition, industrial, state, neutrality, reflect, function, private, contract.
WHAT IS LAW
Read the text and answer the following questions:
1. Are laws for ordinary people or for lawyers?
2. Do you always observe the law?
3. Do you think laws change in the course of time?
The English word “law” refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people or even natural phenomena usually behave. An example is the rather consistent law of gravity; another is the less consistent laws of economics.
Other laws are prescriptive – they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits imposed upon drivers that prescribe how fast we should drive. In all societies relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs – that’s informal rules of social and moral behaviour. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power. Thus we may say that the law is the body of rules with authority (power) to govern the actions and relations of people in an organized political community or among states. Laws reflect the values and beliefs of people. Laws organize society and guarantee peace and good order.
There are various spheres of law. Administrative law is the area of law which is related to the functions and powers of the government organizations and how they operate in practice to administer government policy. Criminal law is the law relating to crime. It studies illegal conduct for which a person may be prosecuted and punished by the state. Civil law is the law relating to the rights and duties of private persons. It deals with judging private quarrels between people. In many countries civil law is based on Roman Law. Constitutionallaw is the law relating to the legal structure of government in a state. It defines the principal organs of government and their relation to each other and to the individual. Common law is the body of law based on custom which is administered and developed by the courts in judicial decisions. Company law is the area of law which is related to businesses organized as companies. It regulates the formation, registration, operation and bankruptcy of companies of all kinds. Family law is the area of law which is related to the organization of the family and the legal relations of its members. It also settles problems of divorce. Special courts decide how to divide the couple's property, and who will get custody of children. Land law is the area of law which deals with rights and interests related to owning and using land. Land is the most important form of property, so the name for the law of property in general. Labour law is the area of law relating to the employment of workers. It includes their contracts and conditions of work, trade unions and the legal aspects of industrial relations. Penal law is that part of law which deals with punishment of persons found guilty by the court. It studies different penal systems and defines effective penal policy. International law is the system of law which regulates relations between states. It deals with such subjects as: the freedom of the seas; the rules of war and neutrality, diplomatic law. The United Nations Organizations has the right to force its member countries to obey international law.
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TASKS
Task 1. Read the following words correctly:
to refer, phenomena, to behave, behaviour, custom, consistent, moral, description, value, prescriptive, order, to guarantee, sphere, administrative, conduct, criminal, to punish, constitutional, common, company, duty, to regulate, divorce, bankruptcy, legal, property, to divide, custody, to obey, employment, to impose, to prosecute, penal, society, Roman, contract, to define, labour, civil.
Task 2. Translate the following noun groups into Russian:
speed limits, law enforcement, government policy, government organizations, company law, land law, the couple’s property, labour law, trade unions, family law, member countries (states).
Task 3. Read the following words and derivatives and state what part of speech the given words are and translate them into Russian:
to behave – behaviour – behavioral; to prescribe – prescriptive – prescriptions; economy – economic – economical – economics; to impose – imposition; penal – penalty – to penalize; society – social – resocialization; to relate – relations – relatives; to govern – government – governmental; authority – authoritative – to authorize; crime – a crime – criminality; to administer – administrative – administrator – administration; to punish – punishment – punitive; to define – definite – indefinite – definition; a principle – principal – a principal; a judge – to judge – judgment – judicial – judiciary; to constitute – constitution – constitutional; bankrupt – bankruptcy; custody – custodial; act – action – activity; to employ – employee – employment; guilt – guilty; to force – to enforce – enforcement; to believe – belief.
Task 4. Find the words with the similar meaning among the following:
law, society, govern, power, body, belief, sphere, deal with, punish, principal, relation, couple, behaviour, obey, community, administer, authority, organ, custom, field, penalize, main, connection, pair, conduct, religion, consider, observe.
Task 5. Find the words with the opposite meaning among the following:
descriptive, consistent, social, formal, organize, practice, prosecute, legal, private, quarrel, divorce, divide, land, prescriptive, inconsistent, individual, informal, disorganize, theory, defend, illegal, common, peace, marriage, unite, sea.
Task 6. Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian:
forms of behaviour; natural phenomena; to impose limits (punishment, penalty); relations between people; informal rules; to regulate relations; organized political community; to reflect values; to guarantee peace and good order; administrative law; criminal law; penal law; constitutional law; common law; company law; family law; land law; labour law; international law; to obey law; private property; to find quality; effective penal policy; conditions of work; to deal with; freedom of the seas; to force member countries to obey international law; the United Nations Organization.
Task 7. Translate the words and word combinations from Russian into English:
общественное и моральное поведение, отношения между людьми, неформальные правила, применять законы, система правил, отражать ценности и убеждения, гарантировать мир и порядок, функции и полномочия правительственных организаций, противоправное поведение преступное поведение, осуществлять политику правительства, может быть обвинен и наказан государством, права и обязанности частных лиц, иметь дело с чем-либо (касаться чего-либо), уголовное право, гражданское право, уголовно-исполнительное право, конституционное право, правовые отношения членов семьи, решать проблемы развода, делить имущество, земельное право, владение и пользование землей, наем рабочей силы, условия труда, признать виновным в судебном порядке, эффективная уголовно-исполнительная практика (политика), уголовно-исполнительные системы, определять политику, регулировать отношения между государствами, дипломатическое право.
Task 8. Choose the right word from the ones given in brackets:
1. Criminal law is the law relating to… (crime, crimes). 2. International… regulates relations between states (law, a law, laws). 3. Criminalistics teaches how to detect… (crime, a crime, crimes). 4. All Russian citizens should observe … (law, a law, laws). 5. Penal … defines effective penal policy … (law, a law, laws). 6. Administrative Law is related to functions and … of the government organizations (power, powers). 7. Law enforcement is connected with the work of … (policy, police). 8. Effective penal… is defined by penal law (police, policy). 9. Fighting … is the main task of law enforcement bodies (crime, a crime). 10. Criminology studies … in its different aspects and people who commit … (crime, crimes). 11. The Procurator’s Office exercises supervisory … over the work of all judicial organs (power, powers). 12. Sir Robert Peel, the British Secretary of the Home Department, persuaded the Parliament to pass the Metropolitan … Act in 1829 (police, policy). 13. The main task of the police, he said, was to prevent … (crime, a crime, crimes).
Task 9. Answer the following questions and try to reproduce the text with the help of the answers to the questions:
1. What does the English word “law” refer to?
2. What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive laws?
3. What are some of the laws like?
4. Against whom are laws enforced?
5. What do laws reflect?
6. What do they organize?
7. What is administrative law related to?
8. What conduct does criminal law study?
9. What is civil law relating to? What does it deal with?
10. What does constitutional law define?
11. What is common law based on?
12. What area is the company law related to?
13. What area is family law related to?
14. Why is land law very important?
15. What does labour law include?
16. What is penal law?
17. What subjects does international law deal with?
18. What right does the UNO have?
Task 10. Read the following passage and explain the difference between customs and laws.
Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are expected to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our experiences in dealing with strangers. Sometimes, we can break these rules without suffering any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may ridicule us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work, and relax together are usually called customs.
Order is rich with meaning. Let’s start with “law and order”. Maintaining order in this sense means establishing the rule of law to preserve life and to protect property. To the seventeenth-century philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588—1679), preserving life was the most important function of law. He described life without law as life in a 'state of nature'. Without rules, people would live like predators, stealing and killing for personal benefit.
Members of every community have made laws for themselves in self-protection. In the absence of law you could not go out in daylight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered. There are far more good people in the world than bad, but there are enough of the bad to make law necessary in the interests of everyone.
Every country tries, therefore, to provide laws, which will help its people to live safely and comfortably. This is not at all an easy thing to do. No country has been successful in producing laws, which are entirely satisfactory. But the imperfect laws are better than none.
Task 11. Match each word on the left with the correct definition on the right:
| law | a) an official rule that all the citizens of the country must obey |
| benefit | b) to take something that doesn't belong to you |
| protection | c) the crime of taking money or other things from a bank, shop, especially by using threats or violence |
| murderer | d) advantage, profit, help |
| jungle | e) generally accepted behavior in a social group |
| imperfect | f) keeping safe from harm, illness or danger |
| custom | g) land covered thickly with growing underwood, tangled vegetation |
| robbery | h) someone who has deliberately killed another person |
| steal | i) not complete |
| rely on | j) depend on with confidence |
Task 12. This is a story told by an American tourist who has recently been to Italy. Fill in the blanks, using the words given below, and translate the sentences into Russian.
Every country has its... That's perfectly true. When I first came to a tiny Italian village I was shocked: everyone was smiling and waving at me. The... of hospitality… local people to... the foreigners from any trouble. In daylight and even at night you can go out without... of being... or... Though the Italian laws are... like all the laws, in the country you can......open-heartedness and every possible support of the natives. The law of... is for huge industrial cities.
the jungle, robbed, kidnapped, customs, laws, to protect, rely on, fear, prescribe, imperfect
Task 13. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the tense forms:
1. The English word law refers to limits upon various forms of behavior.
2. Relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws.
3. To Thomas Hobbes preserving life was the most important function of law.
4. Members of every community have made laws for themselves in self-protection.
5. No country has been successful in producing laws, which are entirely satisfactory.
Task 14. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the passive tense forms:
1. The law on partnership was codified by the Parliament in 1972.
2. Customs are not created by societies consciously.
3. Many general customs have been adopted by the courts and have become laws.
4. Roman law was used in the courts by many European countries.
5. Statutes are made by the Government; customs are created by the people.
Task 15. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the degrees of comparison:
1. Preserving life is the most important function of law.
2. There are far more good people in the world than bad.
3. Even if we were as good as we ought to be, laws would still be necessary.
4. The imperfect laws are better than none.
5. Roman law is one of the greatest systems which has ever existed.
Task 16. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Be careful when translating the verbs in the subordinate clauses:
1. I thought that relations between people were regulated by customs.
2. We learnt that we were to behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers.
3. Thomas Hobbes considered that preserving life was the most important function of law.
4. He thought that without law people would live like predators, stealingand killing for personal benefit.
5. We believe that we can break rules without suffering any penalty.
6. The man said that he had never broken any law of this country.
7. The teacher told us that imperfect laws were better than none.