VI. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова или словосочетания в предложения.

1. The … of political parties within a system are numerous.

2. The political parties recruit, nominate and campaign to elect … officials.

3. Most of multi-party parliamentary systems in Europe are … disciplined organizations.

4. In some political systems … may be an important factor.

5. The two rival … and Democratic parties are decentralized organizations.

ВАРИАНТ 22

I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

DEMOCRACY

Democracy is a powerful system for social and political organization, which has spread around the world and takes many different forms.
Basically democracies are divided into two main types, direct and representative.

In a direct democracy, all citizens, without the intermediary of elected or appointed officials, can participate in making public decisions. This system is only used with small numbers of people. It can be applied in a community organization, tribal council or the local unit of a labour union, where members can meet in a room to discuss issues and take decision by consensus or majority vote.

Ancient, the world’s first democracy practiced direct democracy with an assembly of 5000 to 6000 persons. Modern society, with its size and complexity, can hardly practice direct democracy. Today the most common form of democracy, whether for a town of 50 000 or nations of 50 million, is representative democracy. In this type of democracy citizens elect officials to make political decisions, formulate laws for the public good.

The system of elections for such officials is different.
On the national level legislators are chosen from electoral districts that each elects only one representative. Under a system of proportional representation, each political party is represented in the legislature according to its percentage of the total vote nationwide.
Provincial and local elections can be similar to these national models, or choose their representatives more informally through group consensus instead of elections. Despite the method used, public officials in representative democracy hold office in the name of the people and are accountable to the people for their actions.

All democracies are systems in which citizens freely make political decisions by majority rule. In a democratic society majority rule must be together with guarantees of individual or human rights that serve to protect the rights of minorities (ethnic, political, religious).

Democracy is more than a set of constitutional rules and procedures that determine how a government functions. Democracy includes not only government but also different institutions, political parties, organizations.

II. Ответьтенавопросы.

1. What are two main types of democracy?

2. Can modern societies practice direct democracy?

3. How are legislators chosen on the national level?

4. Who are public officials accountable to?

5. Are the democracies systems?

III. Прочитайте следующие утверждения и решите, какие из них правильные, какие –нет.

1. Democracies are divided into four main types.

2. In a direct democracy not everyone can participate in making public decisions.

3. Today the most common form of democracy is representative democracy.

4. Provincial and local elections can be similar to national ones.

5. Democracy is just a set of constitutional rules and procedures.

IV. Подберите к следующим словам и словосочетаниям правильный русский перевод.

V. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в соответствующем времени и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The legal profession … (to be) extremely popular all over the world.

2. Criminal and civil procedures … (to consider) different in all the countries.

3. The victim of a road accident … (to get) compensation if he proves his case in a civil action.

4. Derek … never … (to be) imprisoned.

5. The author … (to interview) one of the shop-lifters yesterday.

VI. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова или словосочетания в предложения.

1. Democracy is a … system for social and political organization.

2. …, the world’s first democracy practiced direct democracy.

3. On the national level … are chosen from electoral districts.

4. Public officials in representative democracy hold office in the name of the people and are … to the people for their actions.

5. Democracy includes not only … but also different institutions, political parties, organizations.

ВАРИАНТ 23